Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling

We live in time when the usefulness of numerous socio-political and legal strategies, as of now regulated in Western nations, is by and large progressively questioned by common residents as well as by administrative high ranking representatives, as well.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, up until relatively ongoing occasions, it used to be viewed as something totally improbable for the legislative authority from a nation that authoritatively invests wholeheartedly in being multicultural, to concoct open articulations against ‘celebration of diversity’ strategy. These days, this is not true anymore †on October 17, 2010, German Chancellor Angela Merkel had formally proclaimed that the approach of multiculturalism in Germany had flopped pitiably. In his article, Weaver (2010) cites Merkel: â€Å"This [multicultural] approach has fiz zled, absolutely failed† (Guardian.co.uk). Accordingly, it is just intelligent to anticipate that in exceptionally not so distant future, the legitimacy of numerous beforehand verifiable multiculturalism-related and ideologically charged ideas, for example, the presumption that the act of racial profiling by police is absolutely improper, would be reconsidered. In our paper, we will target proving this proposition to a further degree. Indeed, even a short look on how the idea of racial profiling is being characterized by social researchers and political activists that see themselves as especially ‘progressive’ (read †partnered with neo-Liberal plan), uncovers a verifiable certainty that, while concocting a definition, these individuals deliberately endeavor to stress concept’s moral unsatisfactory quality. For instance, as per Banks (2001): â€Å"Racial profiling comprises the deliberate thought of race in a way that dissimilarly impacts certain racia l minority gatherings, adding to the unbalanced examination, confinement, and abuse of blameless individuals from those groups† (p. 1077). The meaning of racial profiling by Ramirez et al. (2000) shows up being similarly as sincerely charged: â€Å"Any police-started activity that depends on the race, ethnicity, or national beginning, instead of the conduct of an individual or data that drives the police to a specific person who has been recognized as being, or having been, occupied with criminal activity† (p. 3).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both of these definitions, obviously, were intended to uncover the strategy of racial profiling as being inheritably evil or more all †experimentally unconfirmed, as definitions’ sounding suggests that there is no connection between the thought of race and the idea of wrongdoing. In any case, as wrongdoing related measurable information shows †the points of interest of a specific individual’s organic constitution are to be sure intelligent of their inclination to enjoy hostile to social conduct. As indicated by factual information, accessible on the site of U.S. Authority of Justice Statistics, in 2009, out of 125,910 episodes of assault/rape, African-Americans executed 110,100 †that is, in spite of the way that starting at 2009, African-Americans comprised just 13.5% of America’s absolute populace. In this manner, the recommendations that wrongdoing has shading are totally authentic, at any rate according to measurable perspective. This is the reason, despite the fact that the ideological oversight of political accuracy has not yet stopped being an essential component of open talk in the West, numerous mentally fair political specialists think that its difficult to avoid referencing certain things, of which customary residents are as a rule totally mindful. R isse and Zeckhauser’s (2004) article validates the legitimacy of a prior articulation, as it advances that, when being surveyed from theoretical viewpoint, the strategy of racial profiling shows up deductively dependable: â€Å"There is a huge relationship between's enrollment in certain racial gatherings and the propensity to perpetrate certain crimes† (p. 132). In its turn, this clarifies why, as time passes by; the way toward structuring wrongdoing avoidance approaches in the U.S. what's more, other Western nations keeps on being progressively influenced by contemplations of racial profiling, in spite of the fact that in rather unpretentious way. In their article, Hernandez-Murillo and Knowles (2004) state: â€Å"According to the U.S. Division of Justice (2001), 16 state police organizations required assortment of race and ethnicity information for all traffic stops as of March 2001, contrasted with just seven states in 1999† (p. 959). In this way, starting t oday, we have an exceptional situation.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Practice and Concept of Racial Profiling explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More On one hand, the general thought of racial profiling keeps on drawing at any point expanded measures of open analysis, with the anecdotes about supremacist disapproved of White cops being victimize agents of racial minorities showing up not just in newspaper press and T.V. yet additionally in numerous scholastic diaries, with the writers of hostile to racial profiling articles and studies proposing that measurable information demonstrate that, in spite of being prohibited to have their choices influenced by various types of racial predispositions, officials keep on rewarding non-Whites in especially cruel way. In their investigation, Anwar and Fang (2006) state: â€Å"Data on trooper look through keep on indicating that higher extent of troopers will in general inquiry a minority drivers than white motorists† (p. 127). A few creators go even similarly as inferring the there is a sure conspirological angle in how agents of racial minorities are being exposed to racial profiling. As indicated by Hurwitz and Peffley (2005): â€Å"Crimes with white casualties create altogether quicker police reaction times, higher probabilities of capture and indictment, and more ‘vigilant’ insightful methodologies. There is likewise a subâ ­stantial predisposition because of the race of the suspect with officials bound to utilize more power, capture, and traffic profiling with dark than white suspects† (p. 765). Then again; nonetheless, the legitimacy of a thought that the degree of one’s criminal mindedness is by and large rather organically then naturally foreordained, has all the earmarks of being supported by the developing number of scientists and rehearsing criminologists, which why the idea of alleged ‘managerial penology’ has now accomplished a full scholarly authenticity. As per defenders of ‘managerial penology’, it looks bad to accept that, in the wake of having ‘done time’ in prison, hoodlums would have the option to reevaluate their enemy of social conduct and to reintegrate into society, just in light of the fact that it isn't the neediness, absence of training, or the exposal to bigotry, that transforms one into a crook, but instead the specifics of their natural constitution. As Feeley and Simon (1992) had placed it in their article: â€Å"The new penology is neither about rebuffing nor about restoring people. It is tied in with distinguishing and overseeing rowdy gatherings. It is worried about the soundness, not of individual conduct nor even of network association, however of administrative procedures. Its objective isn't to dispense with wrongdoing yet to make it passable through foundational coordination† (p. 452). Evidently, for people as Feeley and Simon, it is completely certain that the motivation behind why agents of racial minorities are almost certain than Whites to be halted and looked by cops, for apparently nor reason, is that they are increasingly inclined towards carrying out wrongdoings †plain and simple.Advertising Searching for research paper on government? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In their book Heumann and Cassak (2003) had made a valid statement, while inferring that one’s propensity to allude to racial profiling as ethically abhorrent or as completely genuine and substantial wrongdoing battling practice, relies upon a point of view from which one decides to examine the issue: â€Å"We discovered that profiling was, and is, an excellent police work on, someâ ­thing very not the same as the ‘profiling’ of mainstream disâ ­course. A ‘profiler’ is, truth be told, a gifted law implementation offiâ ­cer prepared in attracting deductions about transgressors a designed arrangement of cases† (p. 5). The way that various individuals appear to embrace regularly oppositely inverse perspectives on racial profiling, proposes that the open objection, coordinated against legitimization of this strategy, is talk related. As it were, it is in particular in light of the fact that, over the span of last twenty-thirty years, residents i n Western nations were made to have confidence in the advantage of ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘political correctness’, which clarifies why a large number of these residents will in general consider racial profiling as something absolutely awful. However, such their disposition can the least alluded to as normally persuaded †in the wake of having been ingrained with the nonsensical faith in people’s correspondence, most residents discover it sincerely awkward to rethink a considerable lot of their talk related suppositions, in view of such a conviction. This; notwithstanding, doesn't imply that their negative conclusions, with respect to the topic, can't be tested †similarly as it has consistently been the situation, over the span of mankind's history, while restricting science, the nonsensically characterized ‘morality’ basically doesn't have a potential for success, at all. What's more, it is to be specific the progressive achieve ments in the fiel

Censorship on the Community Essay Example for Free

Oversight on the Community Essay The Effect of Censorship on the Community and People in the Novel â€Å" Fahrenheit 451† The Novel Fahrenheit 451 abused restriction and all the antagonistic thing that can happen when a general public is controlled. There were numerous models in this novel. In the Novel Guy Montag discovers that restriction is a major piece of his locale and understands that has a negative impact and should be abrogated before it changes people for good. â€Å"If you shroud your numbness, nobody will hit you and youll never learn. †(Ray Bradbury). This statement is expressing that since books are controlled and individuals in Montag’s territory can't peruse, they won't gain insight. They are concealing their numbness by declining to understand books. Books hold data and numerous things that can open someone’s eyes to the world to get it. In this novel there are no books so anyone might hear, and if a resident has a book or books, the books are scorched to remains inside the home. The people group lives in dread of firemen. Montag is a fireman who adores consuming books, from the outset, yet then runs into a more unusual who changes his point of view. As Ray Bradbury said â€Å"we were placing one foot before the other†(Ray Bradbury). That is actually what the Clarisse was doing when she ran into Montag. Clarisse doesn’t have faith in all the oversight and act not the same as the remainder of things to come network. She doesn’t have faith in the books, the schools, and the TV programs being edited. The TV programs get individuals far from the books and the schools instruct understudies that books are awful and not required. The schools likewise blue-penciled what the children had the option to do and the exercises they took part in. Society lives in dread in the novel Fahrenheit 451. Towards the center of the novel, the fireman, Montag understands that oversight isn't right and starts gathering books all alone. He before long beginnings conflicting with society and all the restricti on. He begins perusing the books and attempts to get his better half to peruse them also. Before long the firemen turn on him and cause him to consume don’t his own home. This shows the oversight causes doubt, dread, shamefulness, and the breaking of bonds on a general public. After he consumes his own home, he winds up slaughtering his supervisor in view of how he acts and Montag understands that his manager may really need t kick the bucket. The oversight has murdered society. It causes viciousness, numbness, wars, and individuals who live in dread or weak. Numerous regular people are brutal and end it all likewise nobody appears to mind since it has gotten typical. Nobody appears to think about others and society is in a cavern. In Conclusion restriction terribly affects the network in Fahrenheit 451. All the additional issues and brutality is unneeded. It is completely brought about by the profound cavern that restriction brought the spot into. The main way the assistance is by perusing the books so the spread of information can happen. The people group is consistently about to start a major world conflict war with planes flying around and reinforced hideouts all over the place. The impact of control doesn’t lead to anything great, and is continually going to wind up with an awful completion. The Novel Fahrenheit 451 shows an ideal case of what oversight does to a general public. The school turns into a fierce spot and the individuals that should assist individuals with halting mindful. Also all the genuine things are taken to no end as it turns into an easygoing typical thing for individuals to hurt themselves or end it all. Oversight is awful and shouldn’t have the option to happen anyplace. Everybody ought to have the option to have their own perspectives and assessments on a wide assortment of themes. The more individuals express their thoughts the more the world will develop and information will spread. Individuals will get savvy, progressively astute, and all the more ready to realize what others need to share. This Novel is the ideal case of oversight is a horrible thing. Work Cited Bradbury, Ray D. Fahrenheit 451. Beam Bradbury | Books. Harper Collins, 2001. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. . Bradbury On Fahernheit 451. Meeting by Haper Collins. RayBradbury. Haper Collins, 2001. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. . Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451 Quotes. By Ray Bradbury. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. .

Emergency Preparedness With Fire Safety Writes Paper

Emergency Preparedness With Fire Safety Writes PaperFire safety writing paper must be high quality. It must be a symbol of your responsibility to share the information you have with other people and your desire to be kept up to date on such important issues.Emergency preparedness is something that is especially needed for those who work in firefighting or working in hazardous situations where the risk of fire occurrence is very much present. People need to be aware of the risks that they will face when they are in such situations.It is often hard to determine whether something is a potential hazard or not, but having this information at hand is a good thing to have in your hand. Such information may also be used as the basis for planning and as a reminder for when such situations will arise.Common accidents that happen at workplaces and also in the homes can be avoided through careful planning. Of course, this does not mean that if there is a hazard that you do not know about, then i t does not exist, but you need to know and understand what needs to be done.Disaster preparedness for all of these reasons is very important. The paper written on it must be fully explained, with the right information about hazards and signs of danger, the different tools used to handle the situation as well as important documents needed during emergency situations.A well-written fire safety writing paper will clearly communicate the danger that will be posed by the situations that can happen when there is an accident. It is not advisable to work without the proper information on hand, including a paper on this matter.This safety plan should be reviewed regularly, keeping the essential facts about how each individual in the workplace and home must take precautions against hazards in order to ensure their safety. When everyone knows what to do and what the dangers are, then there will be less risk of accidents happening.Before writing any emergency plans, you must have fire safety wr itten on the paper so that you will be able to know exactly what is what. There is a lot to be learned from fire safety paper, so make sure that you keep them in your home as well as your workplace.

Civil War And The Vietnam War - 905 Words

During the 1960s and 1970s, America endured the Vietnam War and protests against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. From college campus demonstrations, to newspaper articles and radio broadcasts, antiwar sentiment blossomed through different mediums to convey how dissatisfied some citizens felt against the War’s duration. May 4, 1970 saw college students of Kent State University holding a common antiwar demonstration turn unusually fatal: four students were shot dead and nine others sustained wounds. It was the third day in a larger protest at Kent State criticizing the then recent April 1970 move of American troops into Cambodia. No one was injured during the protest’s first two days, but when students starting vandalizing buildings and throwing rocks at the Ohio National Guardsmen on campus, the soldiers retaliated with gunfire. Having students killed over opposing the War, the incident added more material into the ongoing debate of whether citizens should protest U.S. invo lvement and evade conscription. Antiwar protestors had saw Vietnam as a country not worth fighting in to curb Communism. Others saw the War as necessary to fight Communism. In his book Fortunate Son, returning veteran Lewis B. Puller did not know how he should react when U.S. troops murdered protestors; mixed feelings of supporting antiwar demonstrations but not callously dismissing the War-inflicted deaths and injuries his fellow soldiers and him bore clouded his opinion. The New York Times, however, backedShow MoreRelatedThe American Civil War And The Vietnam War1561 Words   |  7 Pagesnever, never believe any war will be smooth and easy, or that anyone who embarks on the strange voyage can measure the tides and hurricanes he will encounter. The statesman who yields to war fever must realize that once the signal is given, he is no longer the master of policy but the slave of unforeseeable and uncontrollable events.† - Sir Winston Churchill. Throughout history, men have fought battles to protect and serve for their country. Some men become injured at war and others don t get toRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The Vietnam War1701 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves protesting against the Vietnam War. The lack of civil rights in the U.S deterred many blacks from supporting Vietnam, a conflict aimed at liberating the rights of another people. African Americans were frustrated with a country who fought for other citizens and saw no purpose in fighting for a peoples’ freedom but their own. Although African-Americans were specifically discriminated against both in Vietnam and America, they were not alone in their anti-war position. The majority of the AmericanRead MoreCivil Rights During The Vietnam War Essay2250 Words   |  9 PagesCivil Rights is an issue brought to the frontlines in the 20th Century, fought by nearly everyone regardless of sex, age, or race. Within the Civil Rights movements were antiwar movements, which protested the Vietnam war and called for a complete withdrawal of military involvement. These anti-war movements alongside the Civil Rights movements were successful in ending the Vietnam war. In this paper, the antiwar movements will be compared to the Loving’s story and their rebellion. The Loving’s storyRead MoreAmerican History: The Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement719 Words   |  3 PagesThe year was 1972. From events such as the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement, the United States was faced with extreme political and social turmoil. Despite Nixon’s promise to end war and unite the country, no one could have predicted that his election would accompany one of the largest political scandals to date. It all began with tape on door latches, finally ending with the resignation of a president and a scandal that echoes in American culture four decades later. Like most scandals,Read MoreEssay about Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War727 Words   |  3 PagesAnalyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War In order to validate the statement, â€Å"The years from 1952 to 1975 in U.S. history were marked by tremendous political and social turmoil that led to major changes in American society,† one would have to evaluate the role played by the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War in bringing about and contributing to those changes. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate whether or not the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement indeed contributedRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement, Woodstock, Vietnam War, And South Africa853 Words   |  4 PagesWho knew how powerful the 1960’s would be? You had the civil rights movement, Woodstock, Vietnam War, and an explosion in rock and roll, as well as soul? Exactly, and that’s just in America. In Africa, countries were gaining freedom and independence. By 1980 the British, French, Italians, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch were being conquered and most of Africa had claimed independence as countries, all the while apart heid was still going on. Even with the riots between warring states, weren’t enoughRead MoreVietnam War and American Culture1684 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Vietnam Wars Impact on American Culture Donna Whittle DeVry University Introduction to Humanities I. Introduction and Thesis Statement In the 1960’s America went through many cultural changes. Martin Luther King Jr., a civil rights activist, delivered his famous, â€Å"I have a dream† speech. African Americans were fighting for peace, freedom and equality. The United States was involved in the Vietnam War, committed to anti-communism. African Americans were deployedRead More1968 Was a Turning Point for the United States. Assess the Validity of This Statement652 Words   |  3 Pagesthrough many important and crucial events. From the Vietnam War to national politics, and even civil rights, our country was changing a lot. In particular, the year 1968, was when our country went through a major turning point, especially when you take in consideration the major events that involved the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement such as the â€Å"Tet Offense†, violent protests, and the Civil Rights Act being passed. The Vietnam War is still a very controversial subject to this day. WhetherRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy : A War On Poverty And The So Called Great Society1021 Words   |  5 Pagesa cabinet-level department of urban affairs, or expand civil rights† (Tindall and Shi 1050). His successor Johnson, committed to New Deal Democratic Liberalism, launched a War on Poverty and the so-called Great Society, a large array of social reform programs. However, since the US expanded its involvement in the Vietnam War, federal funds that were initially planned to be used for the War on Poverty, were instead used to cover the high war expenses (Tindall and Shi 1045). Many Americans lost theirRead MorePost World War II: Effects and Changes in America1524 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction World War II brought several changes to the world and specifically America. It not only changed the world map but also set impact on the behaviours. WWII played a major role in building turning points during different periods. Before WWII, African Americans were not offered equal rights in the community. It was considered an impossible thing that African could ever do a white collar or even a blue collar job. However, soon after the WWII, there came a turning point in the lives of African

Hank Kolb Case - Operations Management - 898 Words

Hank should do the following: 1. Take one to two weeks to create a strategic quality initiative based on the Six Sigma methodology. Continue to probe the Greasex problem as one part of creating a plan. Do not treat the most recent Greasex problem as a stand-alone issue. View it as a broader, company wide quality issue. 2. Get upper level management to review the strategic quality initiative and get their input 3. Communicate the plan to the other members of the quality department and get their input 4. The entire quality department works on presenting the strategic quality initiative to the entire company 5. Undertake the solution to the Greasex problem as part of the larger strategic quality initiative by doing the†¦show more content†¦Define the Greasex problem. i. Identifying the customer quality issues with Greasex. Understand what the customers want from the product and whether your company is giving the customers what they want. Hank’s team needs to talk to the customers. ii. Use the customer feedback to define the need for the Six Sigma quality initiative related to Greasex. iii. Use the customer feedback to create the customer non-negotiable quality characteristics of the Greasex product. One of the quality characteristics would be consistent pressure levels in Greasex cans. b. Observe and measure the Greasex production process iv. Determine the metrics for production performance v. Decide which parts of the production process have the greatest impact on the customer non-negotiable quality characteristics of the product. Using improper equipment for the filler equipment and using improper plastic nozzle heads would be two parts of the production process impacting customer non-negotiable quality characteristics. c. Measure the defects in the processes that are related to the customer non-negotiable quality characteristics of the Greasex product. One obvious defect is inconsistent and possibly dangerous pressure levels in Greasex ca ns. d. Analyze the most likely causes of the Greasex production defects by understanding the variations in the production process which create theShow MoreRelatedHank Kolb, Director of Quality Assurance636 Words   |  3 PagesFacts of the Case: †¢ Hank Kolb, Director of Quality Assurance is attending a seminar that is given to quality managers of manufacturing plants by the corporate training department. †¢ Hank Kolb is now looking forward to digging into the quality problems at this industrial product that plant employing 1,200 people. †¢ The company lacks quality that needs more improvement to continue their operations. †¢ Hank Kolb found problems regarding from personnel, plantRead MoreQuality Assurance Case Study Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study Analysis: Hank Kolb, Director, Quality Assurance Issue This case involves a man named Hank Kolb who has recently taken on a role as the Director of Quality Assurance as a manufacturing plant. He has been brought in to ensure quality in a place that is known for have a lax attitude about quality and safety. The product described in the case is Greasex, which consists of solvents packed in cans for decreasing. The company has experience some trouble with the filling equipment Read MoreHank Kolb - Director of Quality Assurance1476 Words   |  6 PagesCHONNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT REPORT CASE: HANK KOLB DIRECTOR OF QUALITY ASSURANCE Team 2: 1. Park Sun Hwa 2. Choi Hee Ung 3. Wi Min Keun 4. Pascual MarieRead MoreHank Kolb Case Study Analysis1220 Words   |  5 PagesHank Kolb, Director of Quality assurance Case Study xxxxxxxxxx February 28, 2013 As the newly hired director of quality, the first step in identifying the quality issues within the plan t is to understand the basic root cause of the problem. The general manager, Morgenthal, has already mentioned lack of quality attitude in the plant and the on-going problems within the plant. These are some of the problems and root causes that are plaguing the quality department. Personnel NewlyRead MoreHank Kolb, Director Quality Assurance1880 Words   |  8 PagesHank Kolb, Director, Quality Assurance Problem Definition The fundamental problem is management. Senior management lacks the policies and visible support of a quality philosophy such as following a ISO 9000 Quality System. Even though they have recently appointed Hank Kolb to oversee their quality program, which is a move in the right direction, there is still a lack of visible senior management support for quality. The fundamental problem shows up in a number of symptoms such as putting scheduleRead MoreInstructor Manual37126 Words   |  149 PagesINSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL to accompany Operations and Supply Management – The Core Second Edition Prepared by F. Robert Jacobs ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to all of my colleagues who have contributed to this manual. Very few of the ideas contained in here are totally original. Thanks much to all of you for spending so much time discussing how you do things in class and allowing me to share your ideas in this manual. F. Robert Jacobs i TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction VideosRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesProduction Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services

Database Development Process Essay Example

Essays on Database Development Process Essay The paper "Database Development Process" is an outstanding example of an essay on information technology. Functional decomposition, conceptual schemas, enterprise data modeling, and the overall development lifecycle process are important terms related to database development. Each of these is discussed briefly in this paper. Functional decomposition is â€Å"the process of breaking down the functions of an organization into progressively greater levels of detail† (Singh, 2009, p.327). Each function is described in fine detail in terms of the other functions. The purpose is to breakdown the different modules to the simplest unit, which helps to eliminate redundancies, anomalies and any inconsistencies. Singh (2009) gives the algorithm for decomposing R, the universal relation schema, into D, the set of relation schemas which is the decomposition of R.A conceptual schema describes the data stored in a database management system in terms of its data model (Gupta, 2007, p.4). It is a description of the relations involved, the kind of records contained, and the method for deriving objects conceptually from the objects from an internal perspective. It is distinguished, therefore, from the physical and external schemas, which specify the storage details and define the logical records and relationships fr om an external view.However, the first step in developing a database is enterprise data modelling â€Å"in which the scope and general contents of organizational databases are specified† (ELAC, 2009). It is usually depicted by entity-relationship diagrams. The entire â€Å"process of designing, implementing and maintaining a database system to meet strategic or operational information needs of an organization or enterprise† (Singh, 2009, p.300) is known as the database development life cycle. As such, it is typically a part of the software development life cycle, and its typical components are shown in the diagram below and enumerated as under:Feasibility study and requirement analysis  - Database design- Database implement- Data and application conversion- Testing and validation- Monitoring and maintenanceDatabase development is clearly a process that requires careful planning commensurate with its complexity. The four terms discussed are all important parts or aspe cts to ensure the development process is as smooth and efficient as possible and which fulfills the users’ needs.

Reforms in the Hotel Industry

Question: Discuss about the Report for Reforms in the Hotel Industry. Answer: Introduction The hotel industry in Australia is not only a focal point for the local communities but an important driver of the local, state, and national economy. The over 6,000 Australian hotels employ more than 300,000 people and contribute 11-14 billion annually to the economy (Australian Hotels Association, 2016). In addition to providing employment opportunities, the industry is a major consumer of locally produced goods and a source of support to the local sporting and community organizations (Mitchell, Font and Li, 2014). The industry also offers essential services such as conferencing and entertainment. In definition, a hotel is an establishment that provides catering, lodging, and other services in the lieu of payment. As Australia concentrates more on the service-based economy due to the growth of Asian source markets and globalization, the importance of the hotel industry, will become more prevalent (Australian Hotels Association, 2013). Employment from this sector is expected to rise more than any other sector, growing by more than 17 percent. Over the past, the industry has faced some challenges such as wage issues and lack of information security awareness, which have impeded growth. The hotel industry can grow and make more contribution to the national economy if the right frameworks are put into place (Australian Hotels Association, 2013). The focus of this essay, will, therefore, be on the reforms needed or already done in the hotel industry, with a particular focus on Lux hotel. Reforms Needed in the Hotel Industry The hotel industry needs to adopt technology to streamline their processes. At this age, some hotels are yet to have a website. Given that social media is a popular platform for hotel reviews and check-ins, hotels and restaurants should take the opportunity to share beautiful photos of their facilities and their food on social media (Tatar and Eren-Erdogmus, 2016). Hotels such as Lux should choose a social media platform wisely- based on the target audience- rather than joining all of them. Marketing automation makes it possible for customers to receive personalized emails based on their location and activities. A good example is sending a personalized email on special discounts on the clients birthday. With advanced marketing automation, more sophisticated tasks such as emailing to customers who have been clicking in some regions of the web site can be performed (Leeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ross, 2013). Through marketing automation, the hotel industry can watch and nurture their prospective clients to encourage repeat businesses. The Australian government is making some efforts to reform this industry. A good example is a recent increase in the small business annual entity turnover threshold to $ 10 million from $ 2 million (Hotels welcome small business tax concessions, 2016). Corporate tax is expected to decrease by 1%. Hotels operate in a highly competitive hospitality environment. The lifting of the threshold will enable more hotels to invest and grow. In order to meet customers expectations, hotels need to reinvest and improve their services. The recent developments will not only help them to do so but will assist them to provide more employment opportunities. A recent survey by Tourism Accommodation Australia showed that 96% of the 3.4 and 5- star hotels surveyed offer some form of free Wi-Fi to guests (Australian Hotels Association, 2016). Sixty-five percent of the hotels surveyed do not charge for Wi-Fi access. Thirty-five percent offer it on some conditional basis, while less than 5 percent requires the guests to pay. The provision of fast, efficient, and high-quality internet connection is a big revolution in the hotel industry. With it, guests can answer their emails, update their social media channels, download streams, and hold online conferences. Research shows that some small and medium hotels are in debt, and because of this, some are opting out of business. When in debt, an internal transfer saves the day. In simple terms, an internal transfer is a management-led buyout. The hotels property is sold to the management and to those employees that wish to see the hotel in operation. The model not only helps to revive debt-stricken hotels but permits the transfer of previously state-owned hotels to limited-liability ventures primarily owned by the hotel management and the employees (Patiar, 2016). Under normal circumstances, the general manager holds a significant stake in the newly formed company. Assistant and Department managers also have an interest in stock ownership. Employees can also participate in ownership if they wish. An alternative to management buyout is new investment. If the existing management is flexed on resources to assume ownership through internal transfers, it can seek new partners to invest in the hotel. Ownership, in this case, is determined by the number of shares in the investment. Online bookings are becoming more widespread in the hotel industry. As some hotels become more famous; thanks to the Search Engine Optimization (SEO), more and more hotels are now accepting online bookings (Hospitality, 2015). While some people prefer to make calls, online booking has revolutionized the hotel industry as customers can reserve bookings without being constrained by the hotels working hours or book any other time when calling is not convenient, such as late in the night. Online booking has brought about a new dimension in marketing and customer service. Many industry participants now consider it essential to have an online booking system complete with a well-designed mobile site and a good interface (Hospitality, 2015). A single most important decision for many hotels is whether to develop their customized booking system or use a third party service. While each decision has its advantages and disadvantages, it is advisable to choose depending on individual needs. Through the revolution of Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), systems are increasingly becoming more sophisticated, allowing hotel industry to provide better customer service and carry out their operations more efficiently. By integrating with inventory management, CRM, and other tools, loyalty programs, information on stock, information on capacity, and more are now more accessible with a touch of a button. Conclusion Though the hotel industry in Australia is a key player in the local and national economy, many problems such as wage issues and debt have significantly affected it. Through reforms such as favorable taxation system, internal transfers, new investments, automation and adoption of new technologies, hotels can streamline their operation and serve their customers better, thereby growing their profits and boosting their contribution to the national economy. References Australian Hotels Association. (2016). Australian hotels embrace connectivity - Australian Hotels Association. [online] Available at: https://aha.org.au/australian-hotels-embrace-connectivity/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Australian Hotels Association.(2013). Industry Data - Australian Hotels Association. [online] Available at: https://aha.org.au/industry-data/ [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. Hospitality.(2015). 7 technologies that are transforming the hospitality industry. 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Information Technology Tourism.