The History and Origin of Aerosol Spray Cans

An  aerosol  is a  colloid  of fine  solid  particles or  liquid  droplets, in the air or another  gas.  Aerosols can be natural or artificial.  Frederick G. Donnan  presumably first used the term  aerosol  during  World War I  to describe an aero-solution, clouds of microscopic particles in the air. Origins The concept of an aerosol originated as early as 1790 when self-pressurized carbonated beverages were introduced in France. In 1837, a man called Perpigna invented a soda siphon incorporating a valve. Metal spray cans were being tested as early as 1862. They were constructed from heavy steel and were too bulky to be commercially successful. In 1899, inventors Helbling and Pertsch patented aerosols pressurized using methyl and ethyl chloride as propellants. Erik Rotheim On November 23, 1927, Norwegian engineer Erik Rotheim (also spelled Eric Rotheim) patented the first aerosol can and valve that could hold and dispense products and propellant systems. This was the forerunner of the modern aerosol can and valve. In 1998, the Norwegian post office issued a stamp celebrating the Norwegian invention of the spray can. Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan During World War II, the U.S. government funded research into a portable way for servicemen to spray malaria-carrying bugs. Department of Agriculture researchers, Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan, developed a small aerosol can be pressurized by a liquefied gas (a fluorocarbon) in 1943. It was their design that made products like hair spray possible, along with the work of another inventor Robert Abplanalp. Robert Abplanalp - Valve Crimp In 1949, 27-year-old Robert H. Abplanalp’s invention of a crimp on valve enabled liquids to be sprayed from a can under the pressure of an inert gas. Spray cans, mainly containing insecticides, were available to the public in 1947 as a result of their use by U.S. soldiers for preventing insect-borne diseases. Abplanalp’s invention made of lightweight aluminum made the cans a cheap and practical way to dispense liquids foams, powders, and creams. In 1953, Robert Abplanalp patented his crimp-on valve for dispensing gases under pressure. His Precision Valve Corporation was soon earning over $100 million manufacturing one billion aerosol cans annually in the United States and one-half billion in 10 other countries. In the mid-1970s, concern over the use of fluorocarbons adversely affecting the ozone layer drove Abplanalp back into the lab for a solution. Substituting water-soluble hydrocarbons for the damaging fluorocarbons created an environmentally friendly aerosol can that did not harm the environment. This put the manufacture of the aerosol spray can products into high gear. Robert Abplanalp invented both the first clog-free valve for spray cans and the Aquasol or pump spray, which used water-soluble hydrocarbons as the propellant source. Spray Paint in a Can In 1949, canned spray paint was invented by Edward Seymour, the first paint color was aluminum. Edward Seymours wife Bonnie suggested the use of an aerosol can be filled with paint. Edward Seymour founded Seymour of Sycamore, Inc. of Chicago, USA, to manufacture his spray paints.

The Stigma Of Children With Mental Illness - 1608 Words

Historically, western society has segregated the mentally ill in hospitals and institutions, resulting in society’s negative association with mental illness. This stigma creates a negative feedback loop in how society views people with psychiatric disabilities. Media portrays people with mental illness as scary, bad, dangerous, unpredictable, and un-educated. These views cause people to shy away and fear the mentally ill. This stigma also affects a person’s willingness to seek help when they are experiencing a mental illness. Some cultures, such as Hispanic Catholics, may not recognize mental illness as a health problem, but instead see it as a religious issue, further reducing the chances of a person seeking proper medical care. There is a double stigma among multiple demographics in western culture. Elderly, developmentally disabled, and LGBT populations already experience stigma on a regular basis. When these people are also experiencing mental illness, they a re stigmatized even further and are no longer able to relate with their community. This dual stigma can lead to further segregation and loneliness in a population that is already segregated from society. Recently, consumers have started advocating for themselves and their needs, resulting in a movement for better services for people experiencing mental illness. Emerging self-help and peer support groups have assisted in educating society on the needs of people experiencing mental illness. There has alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Examining Stigmas Towards Children With Mental Illness2128 Words   |  9 Pagesare some areas in nursing that have been less studied such as mental health in children. With the increase of mental health services and psychopharmacology utilization among children a need has arisen for understanding the potential barriers to care that may exist. Often these barriers are represented as stigmas and negative attitudes. Jensen, Martin, McLeod, Perry and Pesco solido (2007) sought to explore the area of children’s mental health. In Jensen et al.’s (2007) article, â€Å"Stigmatizing AttitudesRead MoreStigma And Stigma Of Stigma992 Words   |  4 PagesAround the U.S. and other countries stigma has been an issue that has caused treatment for mental health to be less effective than it should be. It is a huge issue when people believe that getting help for something that ills them is a sign of weakness or that it is not a real problem. No one ever thought that about a stomach bug or a headache, but when it comes to depression, anxiety or any other psychological issue people view it in a different light. Kids are going excused from school becauseRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health Care Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesMental health issues have been an ongoing hot topic in this country for over a century. 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Throughout history, people with odd or dangerous behaviors were seen as witches or ones possessed by evil spirits. These people were thrown in prisons or institutions to isolate them from others. Not too long ago, in the 1950’s with a great deal of research and much more highly developed technologyRead MoreMental Health Awareness Across The United States1409 Words   |  6 PagesMay is Mental Health Awareness Month, a national initiative to spread awareness to the constituents of the United States. On April 28, 2016, President Obama issued a Proclamation addressing Mental Health Awareness across the United States. He declared: Nearly 44 million American adults, and millions of children, experience mental health conditions each year, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress. This month, we renew our commitment to ridding our

Racism and Slavery Essay Example For Students

Racism and Slavery Essay The Never-ending BattleSlavery has been a controversial issue in the United States for hundreds ofyears. Since the rise of slavery in the America, there have been numerousaccounts of resistance and opposition. Some of the more famous accounts ofresistance against slavery and racism are Harriet Tubman, the mastermind behindthe Underground Railroad, Rosa Parks, who refused to relinquish her seat on apublic bus to a White man, and Martin Luther King Jr.s movement and mostfamous speech I Have A Dream. Although slavery is illegal in the United Statestoday, I believe that the fight against slavery will never end. Slavery in theUnited States is about more than taking Blacks freedom; it is about equalrights for all races and ethnicities. Sadly, there is too much hatred and greedin the world to abolish slavery and racism forever. Frederick Douglass Independence Day Speech at Rochester in 1852, is one ofthe most profound speeches of American history. It is unthinkable that a Blackman would speak out so strongly against slavery and Whites during a time whenthere was so much tension between the Blacks and Whites. Douglass was the idealperson to give such a speech due to his experiences as a slave. With hispersonal life experiences, combined with his education achieved in England, hewas able to present himself with dignity and authority. Through his speech,Douglass reveals the hypocrisy of America. The best example of this is the lastline of the speech, which states, for the revolting barbarity andshameless hypocrisy, America reins without a rival (Douglass 5)Douglass plainly explains how phony the white leaders of that time were. Thisis my favorite quote from this article because he points out the hypocrisy ofthe laws written by the white male property owners. What is this but theacknowledgment that the slave is a moral, intellectual, and responsible being(Douglass 3). Douglass is explaining that a Black man can be put to death forseventy-two crimes in the state of Virginia when a White man can be put to deathfor only two. If a being, such as a Black man, committed any of these crimes,then doesnt that classify that being as intellectual and responsible? And ifby law, that the White man wrote, Blacks are considered to be intellectual andresponsible beings, then how can Blacks be considered by White men to be the beastsof the field (Douglass 3)? Therefore, law defines Blacks not only as menequal to whites, but as human beings too. Because the confederate flag has long been a part of southern heritage, it isstill hung over many businesses and government agencies. There has been adispute about this for many years, but was not heavily covered by the mediauntil the beginning of 2000. There are many mixed opinions about the Confederateflag. Numerous White southerners believe that the flag should fly over the stateCapital because, to them, it represents the freedom that was just out of reachduring the Civil War. For many others including myself, the Confederate flagsymbolizes more than the Confederate States of America. It stands for thepersecution of the Black race as well as other minority groups, in every way,shape, and form. Joe Neal, Black Caucus vice-chairman, has similar thoughts inLisa Goddards article entitled South Carolina Governor Signs Confederate FlagCompromise of WIS-TV in Columbia South. In it Neal states The flagrepresents the Confederacy that enslaved, exploited, murdered, raped and killedour peopl e for over three hundred years, but somehow it seems okay to ask us tofly it in front of our building (Neal). Nevertheless, there are many whoare in favor of keeping the flag flying over the Capitol building. .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .postImageUrl , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:hover , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:visited , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:active { border:0!important; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:active , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Case Analysis of Sunflower Inc. EssayThroughout the entire Fourth of July speech, Douglass sarcastically comparesthe Negroes to the lowest forms on earth. The most blatant example of this is onthe third page where Douglass says that When the dogs in your streets, whenthe fowls of the air, when the cattle on your hills, when the fish of the seaand the reptiles that crawl shall be unable to distinguish the slave from abrute, then will I argue with you that slave is a man (Douglass 3). Douglassillustrates to his fellow Americans, White and Black, that the slave has fewerrights than most animals. It helps the listeners to see how inhumane the slaveswere being treated. In addit ion, how they were imprisoned in there own country. If they were considered by law to be human beings, how then could they havefewer rights and less freedom than the dogs in your streets and thefish of the sea (Douglass 3)? With this speech, Douglass revealed the truthto all the truth that Blacks were considered and treated like the mostinsignificant life forms on earth. Douglass continues by speaking in depth about the hypocrisy of America forcelebrating Independence Day. The Fourth of July for the American slave is aday that reveals to him the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is theconstant victim (Douglass 4) In my point of view, this is the strongest quotemade by Douglass because it supports his fact that most slave owners think thattheir slaves, are worth less than the ground of which they stand on. Once again,it shows the hypocrisy of the Fourth of July at that time. The Fourth of Julysymbolizes the freedom of the United States and all those who reside there, yetthe blacks have the least freedom of all. They are stuck in their own livinghell. One would assume that after decades of education about slavery and racism,racial conflicts would be rare. Unfortunately it is just the opposite. Only adecade ago was the highly publicized beating of Rodney King by four Los Angelespolice officers. Two of the officers were found guilty 1993, in federal court ofviolating Kings civil rights and served 30 months in federal prison. At themoment King is on probation until 2003, for being convicted of hit-and-runinvolving his wife and spousal abuse in a separate incident (AssociatedPress). Slavery has been a part of social dynamics for thousands of years startingwith the Pharos who forced the Egyptians into building the pyramids. And it wasnot until the Europeans brought Blacks from Africa that slavery became presentin America. To stop a problem like racism and slavery, on must find the sourceof the problem. I believe that slavery began as a result of mans greed andselfishness. From that, hatred between races grew until today when people arecharged as suspects of horrific crimes based on the color of their skin. It is avery sad reality. Although I believe that the fight against racism will never bewon, I do think that much progress will be made. Works CitedAssociated Press (2001). Rodney King reluctant symbol of police brutality. Retrieved March 5, 2001 from http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/03/02/beating.anniversity.king.02/index.htmlGoddard, Lisa (2000). Stateline.org. South Carolina Gov Signs ConfederateFlag Compromise. Retrieved March 5, 2001 from http://www.stateline.org/story.cfm?StoryID=78845Category: Social Issues

Investment Banking free essay sample

Examines the legal rules and regulations that govern the investment banking industry. Discusses some of the proposed changes to these regulations and assesses their possible impacts. Investment banking is governed by numerous regulations, most set forth and regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Several of these laws are discussed below. Rule 144A is a restriction placed on buyers of privately placed securities so that these securities cannot be sold for two years after acquisition. This means there is no liquidity in the market over that period of time. Buyers of privately placed securities must be compensated for this lack of liquidity. SEC Rule 144A went into effect in April 1990. The rule eliminated the two-year holding period and permitted large institutions instead to trade securities acquired in a private placement among themselves without having to register these securities with the SEC. A large institution is defined as one that holds at least $100 million of the security. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Banking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Assessment for Learning Formative Assessment free essay sample

The function of assessment in learning and development is to provide a measure of progress, and record of achievement, within the agreed standards or criteria that have been set for performance. The three elements making up the function of assessment in learning and development are an Initial, Formative and Summative assessment.The initial assessment category can identify any prior learning that has taken place, and any individual needs and support required to allow timely progress throughout learning and development. At initial assessment, it may also be appropriate to go through and complete an Individual Learning Plan (ILP), ensuring that during any learning and development, these can be referred to, showing progression to a set goal within the ILP or where further development is required. By setting goals for assessment to meet the individual learning requirements, an inclusive learning environment is promoted.Formative assessment is ongoing assessment throughout any learning. This can be to a set goal within the ILP or can be used to identify where additional support is needed if there are any specific areas identified for development. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment for Learning Formative Assessment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Summative assessment usually occurs at the end of any learning, in the form of written tests or examinations. It provides a mechanism by which further learning and development have been identified, or for a specific deliverable that can be reached by any summative assessment.The initial assessment is also the first stage of the Assessment cycle, which covers initial assessment, assessment planning, assessment activity, assessment decision and feedback, and review of progress.After the initial assessment, planning for assessment takes place, which must be against set criteria, and be measurable. It reduces the amount of time that is required to conduct the end-to-end assessment process, by having clear and defined guidelines set up. Planning the assessment also gives a clear framework within which any assessment of learning and development takes place, and provides a strategic direction for the learning and development. It defines the learning outcomes being assessed, with, the when and how they will be done.The next stage of the assessment cycle is the assessment activity that takes place, where this is measured, and where it is recorded. This needs to be fit-for-purpose and is either formative or summative as detailed above, and should be done to reflect the required standards and assessment/performance criteria.Following the assessment activity, there is the assessment feedback and decision part of the assessment cycle. This is where any evidence that has been prepared is assessed, and a decision recorded. The recording of that decision is done within the set guidelines and shared with all stakeholders who have a vested interest in the outcome. This may include the awarding organization, potential employers, and others. The final part of the assessment cycle is the review of progress. This may be to measure progress and achievements against the standards in place or to provide data that can be used for quality assurance and improvement processes against set national standards or best practices.

Man Of Marble Review essays

Man Of Marble Review essays Man of Marble is an epic film about two periods of Polands life, the 1950s when Poland became a Peoples Republic, and was at the height of the Stalinization period, and the 1970s when a revealing look back of that time takes place through a young film student and a camera crews investigation of a former workers hero. Agnieska is a determined film student who feels she has found the ideal subject for her diploma film: an investigative documentary on former post-war working-class hero Mateusz Birkut. Birkut was a leader and a public figure who becomes unpopular with the communist government and disappears from the public eye. Her producer reluctantly agrees to the project, yet he holds reservations for the possible political implications the film could produce. Agnieska conducts her first interview with a man named Burski who was a renowned filmmaker who found the photogenic Birkut in the industrial town of Nowa Huta. He decided to showcase the young man in a propaganda filled documentary known as Architects of Our Happiness. With a support team of bricklayers including his best friend, Witek, Birkut sets a record for laying bricks and becomes a hero to the people. Birkut is publicized as an exemplary worker, a Stakhanovite, and is honored for his skill and productivity with larger than life posters hanging from government buildings and impressive museum sculptures formed in his image. Birkut becomes an instant celebrity and rises with social prominence until an ill-fated day. During a demonstration, Birkut is sabotaged by being passed a burning hot brick in front of a camera. He hands are badly burned and his career takes a bad turn. Witek disappears one day after being summoned to a government official. Birkut is outraged and searches in vain for his good friend. He is imprisoned and while locked up, his wife denounces him. Upon his release from prison he seeks to men...

History of Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

History of Germany - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that several European, Asian and African states had been under the German subjugation particularly during the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Once divided into nearly three hundred and thirty-nine small Prussian states, as a shattered nation of Germania, the country witnessed its unification in 1871 after winning three decisive wars against Denmark, Austria-Hungary, and France in 1864, 1866 and 1871 respectively. The credit certainly goes to the distinguished Prussian statesman and iron chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who united the entire nation under one banner and motivated them to fight jointly against the rival nations in order to regain their lands from them to ensure and complete the unification process. â€Å"The Schleswig-Holstein War humbled Denmark, the Austro-Prussian War ended in the defeat of Austria-Hungary and the Franco-Prussian War completed German unification by the defeat of France. Consequently, Germany tur ned out to be supreme and one of the most powerful sovereign states of the entire region in the wake of the arrest of the French Emperor and the declaration made in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles in January 1871. Bismarck settled the aftermath of wars against Denmark and Austria-Hungary under very moderate terms and conditions; somehow, he observed unparalleled cruelty and disliking towards France. He not only inflicted upon vanquished France with enormous war indemnity but also snatched her most productive zones including two provinces of Alsace and Lorraine from her. It not only created a boundary wall between the French nation, but also the country had to undergo serious setback after she was deprived of the most productive industrial areas. Hence, Bismarck expressed his extreme repugnance towards the entire French nation, and consequently invited the same bitter sentiments in the hearts and minds of the deprived, humiliated and downtrodden French nation. As a result, feelings of repentance, remorse, hatred, and revenge started growing against the then recently united Germany in the hearts of the French, and Bismarck turned out to be the most unwanted personality for the whole French nation. The sentiments of vengeance arose among the French and the foundations of new foreign policies were laid on the principles of retaliation, uncertainty, and malice. Since the German Chancellor was not unaware of the intense sorrow and grief the French had been undergoing; on the contrary, he acknowledged the very possibility of French invasion whenever she got the opportunity of the same. Consequently, he introduced the politics of alliances in the European governmental avenues and international relations as well in the aftermath of the French humiliation at his own hands with the perils of an imminent French attack on Germany. Thus, the pivot of his foreign policy was to isolate France in the arena of international politics so that she could not manage to threat or t hwart Germany for the future years to come. Under such sheer state of comprehensions, Bismarck created the Dreikaiserbund or the Three Emperors League in 1873, where the Emperors of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary were united to co-operate with one another at the hour of the need. The alliance also reiterated the moral and strategic support of the allies provided any other state invaded on them. Thus Bismarck's individual foreign policy to isolate France led the world towards the politics of alliances and rivalries dragging these rival alliances on the way to the horrible World War I subsequently.

Cleland Wildlife Park and park values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cleland Wildlife Park and park values - Essay Example his brief essay, this student will discuss and analyze the case of Cleland wildlife Park; located in southern Australia and visited by this author and friends on May 20th, 2014. Comprising fully 10 square kilometres of land in near Adelaide Australia, this particular natural area houses nearly all of the indigenous and well known species of wildlife indigenous to this particular region of Australia (SouthAustralia, 2014). Furthermore, the following analysis will provide a joint discussion; concentric upon the experience that this student had at the wildlife park in question alongside a discussion and analysis of the importance and relevance that parks and natural areas such as this play within the broader economic, environmental, educational, and tourism/recreation goals that society has. It is the further hope of this particular student that through engaging in a broader understanding of these metrics, the reader can come to appreciate how integral parks such as Cleland are within t he current society. Firstly, and perhaps most obviously, parks such as Cleland allow the wildlife within its borders to be protected from the dangers/hazards that might exist for them in an unprotected area. Although it is true that hunting and other such activities are heavily regulated within Australia, the danger posed by vehicles and human expansion into habitat and territory of this wildlife is something that natural areas of protect against. Furthermore, by designating a specific result in which wildlife can exist in its natural form, without the hazards of human interference, and beneficial sanctuaries created in which an unadulterated ecosystem can survive and thrive. Moreover, as the animals within the natural area are reduced from human dependence, the way in which they exhibit natural behaviors of interacting with their ecosystems maximized; once again promoting a more instinctual level of development that could otherwise exist in a situation in which such parks were not

Criminal psychology of why do people commit crimes Essay

Criminal psychology of why do people commit crimes - Essay Example Still others blame criminal behavior on the hierarchal make-up of society; that laws are specifically made by the aristocracy to rule over those in the lower social classes. Psychological factors and cognitive development also have been theorized to play a role in criminal behavior. The answer could be one or a combination of these theories. All economically deprived persons aren’t criminals and those that believe life has treated them unfairly or who have grown up around crime as a way of life, though they may be pre-disposed, do not necessarily resort to crime. This discussion briefly explains these theories for criminal behaviors in an attempt to display their similarities and differences and concludes with thoughts regarding how they may intertwine supplementing each other as an explanation. Among the biological and physiological explanations for crime is the Behaviour Genetics Theory which postulates a biological explanation for crime. While the genetic make-up of an individual does not induce any specific actions, anti-social behaviour can be facilitated by neurotransmitters in the brain and hormonal imbalances which generate tendencies to act in a particular way. â€Å"Low self-control is strongly and inversely related to the neurotransmitter/neuromodulator serotonin, and that serotonin level is heritable† (Robinson, 2004). Abnormal serotonin levels have been shown to be an origin of criminal behaviours of all types of crime because an individual lacks the natural ability to control their impulsive thoughts thereby acting upon them. Everyone has thoughts they would never act upon. Those with this abnormality tend to act first and think later. Evidence compiled from studies has supported another link between a particular inherited mutant gene and criminal behav ior. Instead of high serotonin levels the neurotransmitters in the brain, because of genetic abnormalities, may produce low levels of an enzyme which causes

Effect of Perceived Anonymity of Group Task Social Loafing

Effect of Perceived Anonymity of Group Task Social Loafing Title: The effect of perceived anonymity upon individual effort in a group task. Abstract: Social loafing according to Latanà © et al (1979) is the decrease in personal effort that occurs when an individual works within a group. However, when people feel as though their input is identifiable they are motivated to exert more effort, thereby mitigating social loafing. (Harkins Jackson, 1985) In an attempt to discover if this effect could be replicated, an opportunity sample of 52 participants was recruited to partake in an independent measures experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the public group or the private group. Both groups were asked, via email, to provide suggestions on how their town centre could be improved. The â€Å"public† group believed their results would be attributed to them publicly whilst the â€Å"private† group were assured anonymity. It was hypothesized that the public group would provide more suggestions than the private group. The â€Å"private† condition resulted in a lower mean number of respon ses (M 3.8, SD 2.6) than the â€Å"public† condition (M 6.8, SD 2.22) which supported the hypothesis. Introduction: Social loafing is the propensity for group members to come to be less productive as the group size increases (Latanà © et al, 1979). This effect reveals the converse relationship that exists between group size and an individual’s input to the accomplishment of a task. While examining the association between performance effectiveness and group productivity, Ringelmann (1913) discovered that having members of a group work collectively (in this case, pulling a rope) actually resulted in considerably less effort being applied than when the individual carried out the task independently. Ringelmann also revealed that as more individuals join a group, the group frequently grows progressively inefficient; rejecting the premise that group effort reliably leads to increased productivity. He suggested that groups fail to maximise their potential as several interpersonal processes diminish the group’s overall ability. Williams, Harkins and Latanà ©, (1981) attributed two distinct processes as potential sources for the reduced productivity within groups: motivation loss, and coordination issues. However, group members largely believe that they are contributing to their full potential when asked; evidence has indicated that individuals exhibit loafing without realising (Karau Williams, 1993). In order to facilitate a reduction in social loafing, several suggestions forwarded. Kerr Bruun (1983) state that individuals who exhibit social loafing often fail to contribute as they believe other group members will compensate for them. Therefore, each member of a group should be made to feel like they are vital to the completion of the task at hand. By increasing the individual’s perceived importance of their part of the group, members tend to expend more effort towards achieving the required outcomes. Harkins Szymanski (1989) assert that groups that establish explicit goals tend to outperform groups with unclear objectives. Setting clearly defined aims is believed to encourage many production-enhancing processes, such as increased commitment, comprehensive planning and quality monitoring of group tasks, and increased effort (Weldon, Jehn, Pradhan, 1991). Similar results can be achieved by decreasing the group size; as group size reduces, each members role in the group becomes increasingly integral, so the opportunity to loaf is reduced. Finally, and the focus of this study, when people feel as though their individual contribution is identifiable, they become motivated to work harder on a group project (Harkins Jackson, 1985). This is due to the individual experiencing evaluation apprehension, thereby increasing productivity through social facilitation. Social facilitation is an improvement in performance produced by the presence of others, as in the â€Å"audience effect† as demonstrated by Dashiell (1935), However, should a project allow individual members to remain anonymous, they feel less anxiety about being judged by others, resulting in social loafing (Harkins Petty,1982). The research hypothesis for this study is: Participants in the public group will provide more suggestions than participants in the private group. Method: Design: An Independent measures experimental design with two groups was employed. The independent variable, attribution of comments, was manipulated so that one group was informed that their comments would be publicly attributed to them while the other group was informed that they would remain anonymous. The dependent variable was the total number of responses. Participants: 52 Participants from the experimenter’s friends, family and workplace were asked via email to participate. Participants were assigned, on an alternate basis, to either the â€Å"public† or â€Å"private† condition. The number of participants in each condition was equal. Materials: Standard (2013) desktop PC running Windows 8 and Microsoft Office 2010 was used for all email correspondence, data collation. Ethical consent form obtained from a university representative prior to experiment. (See Appendix A). Participant consent form (See Appendix B). â€Å"Public† group instruction form (See Appendix C). â€Å"Private† group instruction form (See Appendix D). Response collation form (See Appendix E). Participant debrief form (See Appendix F). Procedure: Each participant in the first instance was contacted via email to ask if they wished to take part in a research experiment. Participants who agreed were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the â€Å"public† group or the â€Å"private† group, by means of order of response. For example the first participant to agree to take part was allocated to the â€Å"public† group, the second to â€Å"private† and alternated thusly until all participants had been assigned a group. Each was then sent, via email, an instruction form relating to their group and a consent form to complete. Each participant was asked to follow the instructions provided and return both the consent form and their responses by email within 48 hours. Once the responses were received the debrief sheet was sent out to inform the participant of the true nature of the experiment and advise them that they could remove their data and consent should they wish to. As no consent was withdrawn all dat a gathered was utilised. The total number of responses for each participant was counted and recorded under the appropriate group heading on the response collation form for statistical analysis. Results: The results from the two groups were collected and collated into a table of raw data (See Appendix G). Summary statistics are provided in Table 1 and the mean values are displayed in Figure 1. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the number of responses in â€Å"public† and â€Å"private† conditions (See Appendix H). There was a significant difference in the scores for the â€Å"public† (M=6.8, SD= 2.2) and the â€Å"private† (M=3.8, SD=2.6) conditions; t (50) =4.52, p= Figure 1. Mean number of responses for â€Å"public† and â€Å"private† conditions. Discussion: The results generated in this study support Harkins and Jackson’s (1985) assertion that identification increases group productivity in that the â€Å"public† group provided a significantly higher â€Å"response† mean. It also suggests Ringelmann’s (1913) observations and Latanà © et al’s (1979) â€Å"social loafing† may occur even when group members are not physically part of a group. A possible issue of using an independent measures design for this type of research is the potential for error arising from individual differences between participants, for example it may have been that those selected for the â€Å"public† group may have been, in general, more civically minded with a greater personal investment in their home town. As a result the â€Å"public† group might return more responses, not as a result of the independent variable being altered but of the individual differences in participants. To mitigate this effect more information would need to be gleaned from participants to ensure equal distributions between groups. Social loafing and social facilitation, in general, are viewed as distinct lines of research in social psychological literature. It appears, however, that these two phenomena may be closely related as the latter appears to mitigate the former. Further research into the extent to which they interact would be useful in uncovering the depth of the relationship. A pertinent question would be; is there a situation where social facilitation fails to affect social loafing? References: Dashiell, J. F. (1935). Experimental studies of the influence of social situations on the behavior of individual human adults. Harkins, S. G., Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214. Harkins, S. G., Szymanski, K. (1989). Social loafing and group evaluation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(6), 934. Karau, S. J., Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.Journal of personality and social psychology,65(4), 681. Kerr, N. L., Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 44(1), 78. Latanà ©, B., Williams, K., Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,37(6), 822-832. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.822 Ringelmann, M. (1913). Research on animate sources of power: The work of man.Annales de l’Instuit National Agronomique,12, 1-40. Szymanski, K., Harkins, S. G. (1987). Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,53(5), 891-897. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.5.891 Weldon, E., Jehn, K. A., Pradhan, P. (1991). Processes that mediate the relationship between a group goal and improved group performance.Journal of personality and social psychology,61(4), 555. Appendix: Appendix A Completed ethical consent form obtained prior to study. Research Projects UHI Students All Undergraduate, Taught Postgraduate and Research Students registered on any UHI programme undertaking a research project must seek ethical approval via their Project Supervisor prior to undertaking any form of fieldwork or data collection exercise. Please read the UHI Research Ethics Framework before completing this form and submitting it to your Project Supervisor for approval and signature. Please pay close attention to the guidance notes, as it may be necessary for you to complete another form as part of this exercise. Further information on UHI’s Research Ethics Policy and the ethical approval process can be found at http://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/research-enterprise/resource/ethics Research Ethics Checklist Please complete as appropriate If the answer to the above question is â€Å"Yes†, compliance with NHS Guidelines will be required (see www.nhshighland.scot.nhs.uk/Research/Pages/ResearchEthics.aspx ), and there is no need for you to answer the remaining questions. Please complete and sign the declaration at the end of this form and submit it to your Project Supervisor. If the answer is â€Å"No†, please continue to Question 2. If the answer to the above question is â€Å"Yes†, please answer the remaining questions. If the answer is â€Å"No†, please complete and sign the declaration at the end of this form and submit it to your Project Supervisor. If you have answered â€Å"No† in each case to Questions 3-14, please complete the Declaration and pass this form to your Project Supervisor for approval. If you have answered â€Å"Yes† to any of the questions, please complete Form REC1-D Student and submit it to your Project Supervisor along with this form. DECLARATION *please delete as appropriate PROJECT SUPERVISOR AUTHORISATION I confirm that: Comments ‘Approved’ or ‘Not Approved’: Thank You. Once authorised, please pass this form, along with Form REC1-D Student if relevant, to the UHI Research Ethics Officer Appendix B Participant consent form. Consent Form Name: Age: Top of Form Gender: MaleFemale Would you like a copy of the completed report? Yes No Bottom of Form Appendix C â€Å"Public† group instruction form. Instructions – Public Group Thank you for volunteering to take part in this project. You are in a group of about 40 people from your local community who have been asked to provide suggestions on how your local town centre can be improved (e.g. provision of litter bins, other shops you would like to see/not see, activities etc). All group members will receive a copy of all suggestions and their authors, made by the group. You can provide as many suggestions as you like. Please send your suggestions by return email within 48 hours. You will then receive a debrief sheet. Appendix D â€Å"Private† group instruction form. Instructions – Private Group Thank you for volunteering to take part in this project. You are in a group of about 40 people from your local community who have been asked to provide suggestions on how your local town centre can be improved (e.g. provision of litter bins, other shops you would like to see/not see, activities etc). No-one else in your group will see your suggestions or name and participation will be in the strictest confidence. You can provide as many suggestions as you like. Please send your suggestions by return email within 48 hours. You will then receive a debrief sheet. Appendix E Result collation form. Appendix F Participant debrief form. Debrief sheet Thank you again for taking part in this project. You have in fact been taking part in an experiment into social loafing. You were amongst a group of 40 participants who were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a public group and a private group. The aim of the experiment was to compare the amount of suggestions provided by each group. It was anticipated that the public group would provide more suggestions as they believed they would be identified and as such would not want to appear to be putting the overall performance of the group down, the private group were expected to provide less suggestions as they were not to be identifiable and it would not be known if they provided only one suggestion for the group, and therefore more prone to ‘social loafing’. The data has now been collated and we did indeed find that the public group provided more suggestions than the private group. These findings along with a report will be written and submitted to the University of Highlands and Islands as part of an assessment carried out by 3rd year Psychology Degree students. Your personal details will not appear in the final report other than the amount of suggestions provided and you will be referred to by number only. We apologise for deceiving you and accept that you may wish to withdraw your data from this study, if so please inform us by return email and we will remove your data from the group. In order for us to use your data, please complete the attached form and return by email as soon as possible. Should you wish to receive a copy of the report, please tick the appropriate box on the attached form. Thank you again for your participation in this study. Appendix G Raw data collated from participant responses. Appendix H Independent Samples T Test results. 1

How does the poet use techniques to engage the reader? Essay

Bruce Dawe is a famous poet born in 1930. He incorporated similar techniques in his poems ‘War Without End’ and ‘Description of an Idea’. In the ‘War Without End’ the war is metaphorical and represented as the never ending car crashes and accidents on our roads every year whereas in ‘Description of an Idea’ the war is represented as a historical past event that was associated with the 1989 massacre in Tiananmen Square. Each poem illustrates the similarities between a metaphorical and literal war via the use of repetition, historical references and ambiguity. The use of repetitive phrases in the poem ‘War Without End’ is used to emphase the repetition of car accidents and crashes on our roads. For example ‘the war was not like any other war’, gives the reader the feeling as if excessive car accidents are metaphorically killing as many people as Genghis Khan did in his attempt to murder every enemy. Whereas in ‘Description of an Idea’ repetition is used to emphase the reader to feel as though the cause is important and should be recognised. Dawe uses the repetition of words like ‘You can’ and ‘someone else will’ to intrigue the reader into feeling as though if they were to ‘nail it to a cross’ it would ‘rise again after 3 days’ this gives the reader the impression that what they decide to do will influence other people decisions. This technique helps to make the reader think of what they would do if they were in that situation or under those circumstances. Whether it’s a massacre in Tiananmen Square or a mass murder throughout parts of China, Bruce Dawe uses historical references as a technique to highlight the importance of the events in each of his two poems. The use of this technique in the poem ‘War Without End’ emphasises and applies the idea in to the reader’s minds that the accidental deaths on our roads is compared to an unruly mass murdering of potential threats, shown in the phrase, ‘he knew what he was doing, when we kill we can only say we do not understand†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. In the poem ‘Description of an Idea’ the use of historical events gives readers the impression that the students who were murdered in the massacre of Tiananmen Square did not die in vain; they did not die for a useless reason or cause. For example the words ‘you can beat it to a bloody pulp†¦ and it will still think of freedom’ and ‘someone somewhere will still die for it’ give the reader the impression that no matter what you do to someone they, whether they are close by or somewhere else in the world will not die in vain; as their idea will never die. Therefore in the poems the use of historical references gives the reader another aspect of ‘war’ to look at and clearly comprehend the extent of Dawe’s anti-war poems. Having multiple meanings is used within the poems written by Bruce Dawe to create a sense of ambiguity and allow the reader to create their own understanding. In each of the two texts Dawe uses a variation of references and ambivalent phrases to help the diverse groups of readers to clearly comprehend his points about anti-war which are immersed within his poems. A sample of this is in the poem ‘Description of an Idea’ Dawe’s last line of the poem reads ‘and the billionth will reach for the dictionary†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this could be interpreted as one person will look for an answer, or one person will disagree and question the answer. The technique of ambiguity when used within a poem gives a variation of diverse people the opportunity to have an opinion or to simply interpret the line to mean something different. Additionally another example of ambiguity is found within the lines of the poem ‘War Without End’; within the text is the line ‘robbed of all sweetness under the sun’; this is ambiguous as it could be taken to mean that either the victims of our roads are robbed of either their youth or freedom, or that the families of the victims are stripped of their happiness; as they have the constant reminder that their loved one was killed on our roads. Through the use of ambiguity the readers are captivated as they feel as though they are entitled to have an opinion and are able to interpret the poem to their own understandings. Through the use of repetition, historical references and ambiguity Bruce Dawe is able to express his negative feelings towards ‘war’. Within the two poems the use of repetition helps to show the reader how urgent and uncivil it is that people are dying not only in wars but on our roads yearly. The use of historical references help to emphase the importance of each poem and give the reader a more clear understanding of the poem, as well as using ambiguity to intrigue a more diverse group of readers; as they have the opportunity to create their own definition of the poems. The use of these three techniques helps Dawe to engage the readers and allow them the opportunity to feel empathy for the situations expressed within the poems.

Safety First

It is my duty to ensure that all members of the band and entourage are aware of the health and safety implications of using computers. I have decided to design a simple poster to illustrate to staff the do's and don't of using a computer. Research I did some research into the major health issues associated with the use of computers. I decided to use the internet to do this. There are many websites on the internet and so to cut down my search, I used a Boolean search, which is using words such as ‘and', ‘not' and ‘or'. Using ‘+', and other operations would also help me to find the websites I needed e.g. ‘computer + health and safety'. By typing this in, I found many useful websites. The main, understandable websites I found were: * www.learninglink.ac.uk/keepfit/ * www.utoronto.ca/safety/ergoweb/vdt.html * www.intranet.westminster.org.uk/help/general/Health_Safety/H_S.asp * www.ehs.ohio-state.edu/index.asp?PAGE=ohse.computer * www.healthycomputing.com/office/setup I also used www.waverley.gov.uk/environment/has_computer.asp which proved to be a very useful website. Major Health and Safety Issues Associated with the Use of Computers From looking at these websites, I got some ideas of the safety issues that should be considered when using a computer and I was then able to make up some of my own safety precautions for using a computer. I decided to include the following: * Practice blinking regularly * Rest your eyes during breaks * Take frequent posture breaks * Occasionally stop and stretch at your desk * Check that direct light is good enough for you to read the information on the screen without straining you eyes. * Vary the distance of the screen from your eyes. * Angle screen to reduce glare * Keep the neck and shoulders relaxed and the elbows in close to the waist. * Ensure that the backrest of the chair is adjusted to provide good support, particularly for the curve of the lower back (lumbar area). * Position the screen directly in front of you and tilt it so it is facing you * Tilt the keyboard using the small feet at the back, so you can type you're your wrists straight * Rest your wrists on the desk when not typing * Do not grip the mouse tightly * Keep the neck and shoulders relaxed * Adjust the chairs height and angle * Keep your feet vertical Deciding upon a software to use I chose to use the package Microsoft Publisher rather than Microsoft Word (word processor). MS Publisher can be used to produce pages that combine text with graphics and this makes it ideal for the production of my poster. However before choosing to use MS Publisher, I considered using Microsoft Word as it can insert pictures and WordArt and this would be useful for the production of my poster. However, I soon realised that Word Processor is mainly a type of software used for writing text e.g. letters and stories. Word Processor also pushes the text out of the way when a picture is inserted. Comparing MS publisher to Word clearly showed me that MS Publisher was a more suitable software. Using MS publisher has many advantages like having more control over the way in which text is laid out compared with an ordinary word processor. Pictures and text boxes can be laid out extremely accurately, giving a professional look to my poster. Therefore, using this software for my poster is ideal and MS Publisher proved to have many advantages in producing my poster. Format of posters Now that I had done some research and found some information to put into my poster, I looked at posters on walls to get a rough idea of how big my poster should be, what it should look like and how much information should be included. I realised that most of them had big, eye-catching titles and very little writing. Most of them had pictures and diagrams and information was put in short sentences. Some posters had a labelled picture. I realised that colour is a great way to enhance a poster, draw someone's attention and to make a poster look more attractive. People will not read a lot of text, and certainly won't read standard journal-sized text, and so a big font must be used for my poster. My poster also needs to be understandable, but most of all it needed to be attention-grabbing. In order for my audience to look at my poster in detail, it has to be eye-catching and noticeable. I decided to make a rough plan of my poster first, on an A4 piece of paper. Creating My Poster I opened Microsoft Publisher and realised that it did not have a poster option and therefore I had to consider using a different layout or a ‘Quick Publication'. I browsed around the MS Publisher options and realised that it did have a poster option on the ‘Blank Publications' section. I decided to use this option to create my poster. This option allowed my poster to be more than one A4 page. In fact, altogether it would be 60cm by 45cm; this in total is nine pages. I started to make my poster by looking at my first draft. I used the measurements tool palette to place the text boxes in a position that I wanted. This was a useful advantage of MS Publisher and made my poster look professional. Modifications When I had completed my poster, I printed it off and showed it to a friend, who critically appraised my work. I made the following adjustments: * My friend had pointed out that my title could be bigger and bold so that it was more eye-catching. * My friend pointed out that my poster could be much more exciting by adding a background, and more colour. Therefore, I added a background. * My friend also pointed out that my poster was too plain and ‘dull'. He also told me that there were too many white bits on my poster, and more colour was needed. Therefore, I chose to fill the title's background yellow and the other text boxes light purple. Overall, all these modifications contributed to the overall professional manner of my poster, making it eye-catching and bright. I then printed out the last and final version of my poster, which came out to be in total, nine pages. All these pages contained tiles, which made it easy to cut and stick these pages together, so that all the words and all the pictures joined up accurately. Unfortunately, I did not have enough time to cut and stick these pictures together, however I still think my poster is big, eye-catching and easy to understand.

Southern Discomfort Summary Essays

Southern Discomfort Summary Essays Southern Discomfort Summary Essay Southern Discomfort Summary Essay Jim Malesckowski received a call from his boss, who wanted him to go to Mexico and determine some figures for their manufacturing company. Their present plant is in Oconomo, Wisconsin, where they employ 520 people. Oconomo is a small town of just under 10,000 people and jobs are limited, so the company provides some help to their poor economy. Jim’s boss is thinking about moving the plant into Mexico where he could cut costs dramatically, saving the company millions of dollars each year. The workers of the company are part of a labor union that negotiates wages and duties with the company. The union does not want its workers to earn lower wages or become cross trained to do many different jobs. Jim is stuck between a rock and a hard place because his boss wants him to report the findings in Mexico yet Jim knows if he does then the plant will most likely move into Mexico. The company will save a lot of money in production and labor costs if they move but it will take away 520 full time jobs from the people of Oconomo. Jim needs to figure out what to tell his boss when he meets with his boss the next day. Assumptions: It is assumed that this is a very difficult decision for Jim to make. Businesses are faced with this problem all the time. If the business moves to Mexico then surely they will save money and have more money to invest with. It is assumed that Jim doesn’t want to be the bearer of bad news in the town of Oconomo where he would have to tell the workers that they are going to be laid off because the company is moving its plant to Mexico. Both sides of the situation must be heavily thought out as no quick decision can be made here. Main Concern: The main concern is for Jim to figure out what he is going to tell his boss. Jim needs to make a decision as to what he will report to his boss on the situation in Mexico. Vantage Points: The first vantage point is that Jim will tell his boss about the cheap labor costs in Mexico and in turn the company will move its plant. Jim may not want to do this but his job is on the line in what he reports to his boss. The second vantage point is for Jim to lie to his boss about Mexico and say that it’s not a good idea for the company to move its plant into Mexico. By doing this Jim would be saving the jobs of 520 full time employees in the town of Oconomo. The next option for Jim would be to tell his boss about the opportunity in Mexico but say the timing is not right and offer to move the plant in a couple of years. This would give the employees of the plant in Oconomo enough time to find other jobs in the surrounding areas so they are not just thrown out with nothing. Diagnosis: The first option of Jim telling his boss about the cheap costs of Mexico has a lot of positives aspects. If the company moves the plant into Mexico they will no doubt save millions of dollars each year in production and labor costs. The company would then have more money to invest with, possibly in another plant somewhere else, more money to invest in a bank, or more money to pay dividends to stakeholders. After all, the goal of just about every business is to make money in order to pay back its stakeholders. So by moving the plant to Mexico, the company would be achieving its main goal. The problem with moving the plant would be that many people would lose their full time income by getting laid off by the company. Over 520 people would no longer be employed in the town, and many families would have no source of income because the town is small and the jobs are scarce. The plant offers many jobs and opportunity to the town because the plant is the center piece of the town where many of its residence hold jobs. So if the company left for Mexico, the town and its people would be negatively affected by the move. The next option for Jim to tell his boss is to not move the company to Mexico and stay put in the town of Oconomo. Jim feels bad for the employees of the company if the plant was to move down to Mexico and almost wants to protect them. Jim has to decide is he thinks the move to Mexico is ethically correct. Some think that outsourcing to other countries is wrong and shouldn’t be done but big businesses argue that it’s fine in order to cut costs. But, if the company stays put then they will be spending way more money then necessary on labor costs because the union won’t cut prices. So the business has to argue why spend more money if they can do it for cheaper somewhere else. It just like if you could buy the same car from Japan for cheaper then you could in Detroit you would be crazy not to buy it in Japan. The business has the same mentality because their main goal as a company is to turn as much revenue as possible. If Jim was to tell his boss that the move was not a good idea at the present time but should be reevaluated at a different time, then this would give the employees enough time to find jobs elsewhere. Jim doesn’t want to lay off his workers but doesn’t want to disappoint his boss at the same time so by telling his boss to wait, he is satisfying both of his parties. Cheap labor will most likely always be available in other countries so the company will not miss that opportunity. By waiting a few years to move the plant into Mexico, the employees will have plenty of time to deal with the coming change.

Stealers Wheel essays

Stealers Wheel essays My idea is that the following scene was written by Director Tarantino choreographed to the song by Stealers Wheel. Rather than the norm where a scene is written and the music is picked thereafter. As I describe the scene I will give the lyrics to the song and show how they correspond to the characters actions in the scene. Mr. Blonde starts talking to the cop, who still insists he knows nothing. The lyrics to the song begin; keep in mind that I am suggesting that the words are what the cop is thinking. Well I don't know why I came here tonight. I got the feeling that something ain't right. I'm so scared in case I fall off my chair, and I'm wondering how I'll get down the stairs. Clowns to the left of me, Jokers to the right... Here I am stuck in the middle with you. The words being sung tell us that the cop is wondering how he got into this situation, he knows something is up, and he is scared that he may not be able to make it through the rest of this torturous interrogation alive. The clowns are his fellow officers who allowed the situation to get so out of control, and the jokers are Mr. White and Mr. Pink. And now he is stuck in the middle of this whole ordeal with the most cynical, evil, and hardest criminal of the bunch....Mr. Blonde. Yes I'm stuck in the middle with you and I'm wondering what it is I should do It's so hard to keep this smile from my face cause I'm and I'm all over the place These are the lines that justify what I am saying the most. He is wondering what he should do, he knows that Mr. Orange is a cop and if he were to mention it to Mr. Blonde it may save his life. It is an internal conflict in which he heroically decides to keep quiet. He can't keep the smile off his face because he knows the cops are outside just waiting for Joe to come to the warehouse so they can bust the whole operation, and when he comes the torture will be over. ...

Qualitative social research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualitative social research - Essay Example Observations techniques, an example of a qualitative data gathering tool, can yield more candid results which can be more reliable than survey questionnaires in this kind of study. Creswell (2003) lists a number of qualitative procedures and also presents a number of characteristics of the said method. He describes qualitative research as taking place in the natural setting, in the home, office, community etc. of the participant. In such manner, the participant or the subject is more comfortable and is acting more naturally than when he is kept in a holding room for observation. The methods used to determine the conditions and situations of the participant or subject being researched is multiple. An observation method is usually coupled with an interview such that the observations of the researcher will be validated to remove researcher bias. It is also more flexible in as much as human nature is also flexible. And to top it all, the view rendered by a qualitative research is holistic, taking to consideration not only the individual or subject being researched but also the other things and factors that affect it. The March 2009 issue of the Tamara Journal of Critical Organisation Inquiry contains several articles discussing new and emerging issues in qualitative research. Among the issues discussed are reflexivity, role of the researcher, flexibility of the qualitative research process, voyeurism and ethical considerations. The transformational leader as pedagogue, physician, architect, commander, and saint: Five root metaphors in Jack Welchs letters to stockholders of General Electric. By: Amernic, Craig and Tourish Dec 2007 This article discusses how the letters of Welch has contributed to the understanding of his type of leadership. This is an example of a content analysis with the goal of determining the behavior of a

The Smith's Snackfood Company in Australia Essay - 1

The Smith's Snackfood Company in Australia - Essay Example The company also boasts as having a very strong distribution network in the country since it is able to distribute its snack products to over 60,000 outlets spread all over the country every ten days. The company’s main products include Smith Crisps, Ruffles, and Lays while its snack brands include Lays, Doritos, Twitties, Cheetos, Parker’s, Burger Rings, and Red Rock Deli. Salty snack food industry is said to contribute greatly to the Australian economy. Salty snack food industry in Australia is worth $26 million according to a report. The industry grew by about 12% in the year 2011, and the growth is expected to continue due to the increased demand for salty snacks in the country. As earlier stated, Smiths Snackfood Company is the leading supplier of salty snacks in Australia with its snack brands reported to have grown by 25% in 2011. However, the company’s market is divided into three segments namely potato (68%), Corn (14%) and Extruded/ Cereal (18%). The co mpany’s dominance is the industry emanates from its strong presence in every product segments, where its main brands such as Doritos, Smith Crisps, and Twisties have remained leaders (Friend, 2012). The snack food industry in Australia is marred by stiff competition among leading plays, which competes for the sensitive segments in the country. For instance, Smiths Snackfood Company faces stiff competition from other key players such as Arnotts Snack Foods, and Proctor and Gamble, Smiths Snackfood Company. As a result, Smiths Snackfood Company has always engaged in a strong advertising campaign aimed at attracting certain market segment in the country so as to maintain its dominance and improve its performance. In fact, the company was ranked 21st overall in Australia in terms of the advertising campaign according to 2001survey.

Critical Perspectives on Management and Organisations Essay

Critical Perspectives on Management and Organisations - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to highlight the groupthink implications, which could easily be pointed out as one of the reasons leading to the crisis. The decisions were either taken alone or by the group in totality, but if the decisions taken are imperfect, then outcomes have huge implications on the society. This study discusses the way in which Janis’ theory of groupthink can be linked to the space shuttle disaster. Groupthink can be described as a psychological process of the group members, where people end up taking an erroneous decision that affects them adversely. This implies that the group unanimously takes a decision, despite the existence of another correct course of action. The proponent of this theory is Irving Janis and his researches show that, at times, group of individuals takes successful decisions and at other times, they are unsuccessful. The root cause for failing to analyse the problem comes from the inability of group members to challenge the traditional understanding. This is because they feel empowered if all members agree to a certain perspective (even if it is erroneous) and fails to provide alternative, critique or a new opinion. This essay will first establish a thorough understanding of the groupthink theory and various critiques that has been proposed by other eminent researchers. The next section deals with application of the groupthink theory on the Challenger space shuttle disaster. This is followed by an alternative theory developed by Whyte in order to explain the Challenger disaster. The recommendations and conclusion are mentioned in the last section. Firstly, the managers of NASA were fully aware of flaws in the design of Morton Thiokol’s O-ring. NASA had tried to underplay the problem at hand and the managers decided to stay on schedule. There were also evidences that data, which was provided to the Group Decision Support System (GDSS) of NASA from Thiokol, had declared that it would be safe to launch the mission.

Ethical Issues on Confidentiality Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues on Confidentiality Essay Ethical Issues on Confidentiality: Research and Medical Procedures A guiding principle followed by most administrators and health care providers is the concept that ethical principles must match the values of the whole organization. This belief should serve as a continuous teaching to all staff so that the organization’s goals may be uniformly achieved. Healthcare administrators must be fully competent in adhering to the ethical principles of patient and employee confidentiality in order to promote trust, respect, and the protection of individual’s rights concerning health information. This is one of the main objectives of the Privacy Rule or HIPAA, and a breach to this rule is one of the most common ethical issues. When administrators demonstrate capable ethical decisions in guiding the flow of services in the organization, there may only be a few disorders that will be encountered in the operations as a result of ethical perplexities. In the article, Ethics of Stem Cell Research (Siegel, A., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring2013), the ethical dilemma of confidentiality in research pales in comparison to the dilemma posed in destroying human embryonic cells. A great dispute is presented on the use of human embryos and whether researchers are dealing with a human being or not. The question on the permissibility or the impermissibility to destroy human embryos is fully explored without the full ethical answer being presented. Confidentiality, research, and medical procedures all impart ethical dilemmas that complicate organizational activities. Problems of the Affected Population: Patients and Participants In the procurement of embryotic cells for example, research subjects are not considered the same way as patients and regarded differently in terms of confidentiality and privacy issues. According to the article, HIPAA, the Privacy Rule, and Its Application to Health Research (2009), â€Å"Health research is not the focus of HIPAA.† and, â€Å"Because a great deal of health research in the United States is also subject to the Common Rule- the federal rule that governs most federally funded research conducted on human beings and aims to ensure  that the rights of human subjects are protected during the course of a research project, historically focusing on protection from physical and mental harm by stressing autonomy and consent.† (HIPAA and Research, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research, 2009). Many research institutions are not considered covered entities and therefore the subjects are not covered by the Privacy law. Nevertheless, all subjects must submit personally identifiable health information and in the course of research or procedure, a subject may be harmed. This is an uneven application of confidentiality and the Privacy law that gives more benefit to a patient than a research subject. Medical research in particular has a participant and some experimental procedures are accomplished with the patient as the subject in the belief that the experiment could bring positive results to the patient specially, when there is no definite answer to a needed treatment. According to Fremgen B.F. (2009), ethical issues arise when there is harmful effect to the patient from experimental procedures. Lack of understanding and communication remains a big barrier to ethical issues. Somehow the creation of the Privacy Law did not consider the welfare of the research subject, yet they are likened to a patient who undergoes procedures, submits identifiable health information, and when procedures are not perfect, may also suffer harmful consequences. The other bothersome issue is when the bodily parts contributed by the participant are sold, reused or endorsed to other institutions for other purposes. Other issues pertain to the interest of the researcher placed above the interest of the patient (B.F.Fremgen2009). Informed and voluntary consent from participants are used as shield in order to further the research activities, but privacy and confidentiality are both compromised on research participants and must also be incorporated. Proposed Solutions In California, where the biggest budget for stem cell research is allocated, the California Institute of Regenerative medicine (CIRM) in their objectives has encouraged institutions and researchers on the development of best practices in hSC projects. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at each research institution must be responsible for the proper review of projects involving human participants. The regulations of the CIRM implies that donor  consent must be understood fully by the participant, maintain a clear record of every embryo, strict accounting of donated cells, and must always be consistent with existing laws. In fairness to the donor, any medical complication must be treated fully, and the donor must not bear any cost for any treatment (G.P Lomax, Z. Hall, B. Lo, Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 2007) The foundation for all procurement of biological materials can be summed in informed consent. Authorizations and voluntary consent must be explicitly understood by the donor and must be presented with choices they can understand including the information regarding the destruction of the cells, commercial application and sharing (L. P Knowles, Issues in Procurement of Embryonic Stem Cells: Informed Consent and Conflict of Interest, n.d.) Information management system must be in place for protection of confidentiality. In most instances, the system must protect the anonymity of the donor to safeguard privacy. There will always be people who would donate biological materials for their own reasons beyond ones understanding. These individuals must be informed fully of the consequences and possible risks. In some places, inducement of monetary consideration is prohibited. However, there are instances when the donor sincerely commits to help in exchange for some requirements like burial assistance when deemed terminally ill. Ethical issues and personal choice of the donor must be taken into consideration at all times and the option to donate must be free from pressure. In some parts of the globe, there are ads roaming related to procurement of organs from individuals who are impoverished and destitute. The government and the public must be vigilant in exposing this black market trade of organ trafficking so as to safeguard the dignity, confidentiality, and humanity in general. The mainstream media must be cooperative in relaying to the public not only the positive implications of medical research but also the contrary, so that that knowledge and understanding of present scientific advancement and problems may be learned. The Administrator and Ethical Issues An administrator who is engaged in a healthcare institution where research activities are occurring commits to a heavier burden of maintaining the place for it to be free of ethical issues. Aside from the issue of  patient care, privacy, lack of resources, maintaining regulations, and promoting goodwill, the needed knowledge on the requirements or regulations on research must be understood. The administrator must be adept at ethical analysis and organizational policies. Many have not been through a lot of experience related to research institutions but according to Fremgen B. F. (2009), â€Å"Adherence to bioethical principles involves the entire healthcare team, not just the physicians† (pg. 251). The ethics of the institution must be in accord with the staff and conflicting values should not prevail. The administrator must know how to initiate educational sessions and communicate the ethical values even with the integration of research and experimental procedures. References Siegel, A. Ethics of Stem Cell Research, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, rev. Jan 28,2013 Retrieved from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stemcells/#EthDesHumEmbForRes Knowles, L.P. Issues in Procurement of Embryonic Stem Cell: Informed Consent and Conflicts of Interest, Retrieved::http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/uploads/File/whitepapers/Inf Consent-and-Conflicts-of-Interest.pdf Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule; Nass SJ, Levit LA, Gostin LO, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9573/ Lomax GP, Hall ZW, Lo B (2007) Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicines Medical and Ethical Standards.Retrieved http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040114 B.F. Fremgen, Medical Law and Ethics (Third Ed. 2009)

Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy - The Humanist Chronotope Essay -- Spanish T

Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy - The Humanist Chronotope In "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel," Mikhail Bakhtin defines the chronotope as "the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature" (84). That is what the chronotope is; Bakhtin continues with what the chrontope does: "It can even be said that it is precisely the chronotope that defines genre and generic distinctions" (85). In The Spanish Tragedy, Kyd layers three chronotopic zones to create a new chronotope, the "humanist chronotope," which in turn creates a unique dramatic genre, one we might call "humanist drama." According to Bakhtin, two seminal chronotopes from classical literature form the basis of most later chronotopes. The first of these seminal chronotopes is the adventure chronotope, found in romance narratives such as Longus’s Daphnis and Chloe. Time in this chronotope is a random and non-causal chain of events characterized by "suddenly" and "at just that moment" that ends at the same point in biographical time at which it began. Time is thus infinite, reversible, and extratemporal; it is also governed by chance, and therefore, Bakhtin writes, "The initiative in this time does not belong to human beings" (95). Extratemporal time requires "extraspatial" space that is abstract rather than concrete, as a concrete space, argues Bakhtin, would limit the power of chance. Adventure space is also alien space: a familiar world would also leave traces that would limit the chance that drives time in the romance. Apuleius’s The Golden Ass exemplifies the second seminal chronotope: the adventure-everyday chronotope, a hybrid, as the name suggests, of the abstract adventure chronotope and a ... ...er a dumb show, so too will the audience understand the idea after the performance of The Spanish Tragedy. Kyd’s "humanist chronotope" thus places drama at the center of humanist learning: yet it is as a spectator, not as an actor or playwright, that one becomes a humanist. WORKS CITED Bakhtin, M.M. "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel: Notes toward a Historical Poetics." Michael Holquist, ed. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M.M. Bakhtin. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: U of Texas P, 1981. 84-258. Freeman, Arthur. Thomas Kyd: Facts and Problems. Oxford: Clarendon, 1967. Kyd, Thomas. The Spanish Tragedy. J.R. Mulryne, ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1989. Mann, Nicholas. "The Origins of Humanism." Jill Kraye, ed. The Cambridhe Companion to Renaissance Humanism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. 1-19.

Why obama is ruining this country

Obama is not stupid, he is simply evil. He is tearing apart this country from the inside and 51% of Americans were stupid to let this communist bastard back in to the white house even after four years of him doing, well, NOTHING. At least nothing beneficial. Now this socialist pig is trying to get rid of â€Å"assault weapons† and 30 round magazines. Colorado theater shooting, sandy hook, even so far back as columbine high school were a result of a mentally unstable person or persons acting violently because they were insane.If you walked up to a sane, rational person and handed them a loaded AR-1 5 chances are they wouldn't think â€Å"Oh well I have this gun, might as well go rob that gas station, and while I'm at it, I'm going to shoot up a school. † These socialist politicians are too stupid to figure that out. I agree with you that he wants total control of the US, I wouldn't even be surprised if he tried to run for a third term. He could probably find some loop ho le. And all the minorities and illegal would rally behind him if he wanted another term.In addition to all of this, he is a post turtle. He is president, sure, but he sure as hell didn't get there by himself. I will close with saying this: I have only been on this earth for 14 years but In that time I have seen the once great America crumble around me. The world hates us, we turned tall In Vietnam, and now Afghanistan. This once great nation is turning into a communist powerhouse and all the dumb-asses that voted for Obama are scratching their empty minded heads eying â€Å"Well he promised change, I guess capitalism to communism Is change, that's good, right? I have watched time and time again, news reporters walk up to minorities and go â€Å"Do you think Obama Is doing a good Job? † then they would reply â€Å"Well yes. † then the reporter would say â€Å"What do you think he has done that has benefited us the most? † then they would respond with, â€Å"Wel l, man, uh†¦. It's all good. † And that's the best they could come up with. I submit that If America continues on this path, It might as well bend over, grab It's ankles, and kiss It's ass goodbye.

The Big Switch

The president of our company has brought to our attention that he would appreciate it if our department could create a new information system for our company. The current information system that we use is Microsoft Excel and we need to create a way to transfer and implement the new office system of Microsoft Access. We need to explain the current downsides to using Microsoft Excel and explain the positive ways by using Microsoft Access that will help our company grow, expand, and be more efficient to our company. We also need to come up with software that is compatible to Microsoft Access just to have a contingency plan, in case the president is not pleased with the results we research and to help improve the internal communications along with help make the workflow of the sales department improve. We do know that the current plan is not working for our company and we need to all work diligently to improve our current system and make the transition easy. Microsoft office is a great tool and Excel, when used properly, is a valuable asset. The problem with Microsoft Excel is that there are various manual inputs that can go wrong. Other common problems that can cause an error involve not using a colon to indicate a range of cells, forgetting to close your parentheses, and adding common formats as part of the formula (Murray, 2013). The formulas that Excel uses would be complicated to track everything. (Murray, 2013) It is also very difficult to track the history of changes that our company uses has it moves forward. This would not only hinder the company but could possibly cause miscommunication of the data inputted. (Murray, 2013) These reasons stated above are why the company should not use the Excel program to move forward in the progression of the company. With Access, it is a relational database association that exists between the tables, which stores the data. These help to maintain the integrity of the data contained within. Access can store tons of data in different forms and yet still intertwine for easy referencing and analyzing. (Microsoft, 2013) Access is also great for the business since it has the ability to manage contacts, track inventory, track orders, and events. (Microsoft, 2013) One great feature about Access is that multiple users can have it opened working on the same database and only what the other person is working on is locked. Microsoft, 2013) This allows several people to input their data at the same time and it is secure. Conclusion As one can see there are far more advantages using Microsoft Access verses using Microsoft Excel. Access is more suited for our company’s needs now. Using Access will cut down on our company’s mistakes. This will utilize and maximize our company’s growth. This will increase the employee production. In the long run, Access will make the company’s bottom line profit grow, which at the end of the day is the most important thing.

Off Shoring †Management Essay and Analysis

Off Shoring – Management Essay and Analysis Free Online Research Papers The issues with off shoring are that there is not enough information as well as vagueness of the information presented. It is important to address both sides of the issue in order to get a better understanding of whether or not off shoring is a good business decision. There are four areas which are taken into consideration when looking at the effects of offshoring on the U.S. economy that have two opposing sides. One issue is the average U.S. standard of living which is predicted to be beneficial in the long run with the use of offshoring, however some argue that offshoring could harm the standard of living by undermining U.S. technological leadership. Another issue is employment and job loss, some predict that offshoring will have little effect on overall employment levels, however there are still arguments that it may be a much larger impact on the white collar jobs that the U.S. offers. A third issue is the distribution of income, â€Å"some economists maintain that offshoring could increase income inequality in the U.S., while others argue that changes in the income distribution are driven primarily by factors other than offshoring.† (GAO, Overview of the Issues) A final issue is security and consumer privacy. O ffshoring may actually be making our national defense system vulnerable as well as consumer’s financial and medical information. There are many resources for and against the use of offshoring, although there are negative effects of offshoring, the positive effects seem to outweigh them. Globalization â€Å"has left many Americans disgruntled, jobless, and distrustful of corporations that practice it† (ezinearticles.com/outsourcing) Job loss and loss to U.S. income have seem to be the most prevailing of all issues against offshore outsourcing. Some feel that the potential damage to the labor market remains quite large and is heavily ignored by studies purporting to tally offshoring’s costs and benefits. (Economic Policy Institute) Although it may make sense for some firms to resort to offshore outsourcing, if the trend becomes too widespread, resulting in an increase in foreign productivity in sectors where the U.S. is a net exporter, it could actually result in a loss to U.S. income through terms of trade effects. â€Å"The terms of trade of the U.S. refer to the prices foreign purchasers pay for U.S. exports relative to the prices U.S. residents pay for imports. If U.S. exports fetch ever higher prices on world markets and/or U.S. import prices dro p, the terms of trade for the United States improve- the United States is able to consume more goods given its current income and productivity. If instead U.S. exports fetch ever lower prices and/or imports become more expensive, U.S. terms of trade deteriorate and its residents are able to consume less given current income and productivity.† (Economic Policy Institute) Also if the U.S. economy reaps efficiency gains from offshoring, these are unlikely to accrue to American workers. Of all the net jobs predicted to be created in 2008 due to offshoring, 44% are in only two sectors: construction and transportation/utilities. Another point made about labor is that â€Å"software is a very labor intensive industry, and large price declines can be had in this sector only through a large reduction in labor costs. This means either large scale employment relocation to other nations, or significant wage cuts for software engineers, publishers, and programmers in the United State s.† (Economic Policy Institute) The rising popularity of offshore outsourcing will continue to push down the prices of IT services for the next several years, this is a challenge for IT service providers. A second major risk is data security. Most countries do not have the protective practices that the U.S. and Europe require. The channels are well beyond the control of the company or the provider. These channels often do not have end to end transaction encryption which leaves vulnerability throughout the communication path. Validating security in a multi-vendor, multi-client, mixed environment is extremely difficult. There are also gaps in personal security, many companies have weak personnel policies. Also offshore providers do not have very strict contractual agreements so when there is a security breach they are less likely to inform clients of it. This lack of offshore loyalty also leads to many viruses implemented by possible government intelligence or organized crime. By offshoring, a company gives up a certain amount of control of the business processes. â€Å"Also, language barriers, cultural barriers and the protection of intellectual property, or lack thereof, can increase the risk of miscommunication and consequent misinterpretation of legal commitments.† (www.crm-daily.com) Research Papers on Off Shoring - Management Essay and AnalysisDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Project Managment Office SystemAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Hurricane Etymology and Word Facts

Hurricane Etymology and Word Facts The word hurricane is widely known and recognized by all people, but its etymology is lesser-known. How old is the word hurricane and where does it come from? Hurricanes AreNamed for the Mayan God "Huracan" Our English word hurricane comes from the Taino (the indigenous people of the Caribbean and Florida) word huricn, who was the Carib Indian god of evil. Their huricn was derived from the  Mayan god of wind, storm, and fire, huracn. When the Spanish explorers passed through the Caribbean, they picked it up and it turned into huracn, which remains the Spanish word for hurricane still today.  By the 16th century, the word was  modified once again  to our present-day hurricane.   (Hurricane isnt the only weather word with roots in the Spanish language. The word tornado is an altered form of the Spanish words tronado, which means thunderstorm, and tornar, to turn.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hurricanes Aren't Hurricanes Until Winds Reach 74mph+ We tend to call any swirling storm in the tropical ocean a hurricane, but this isnt really true. Only when a tropical cyclones maximum sustained winds reach 74  miles per hour or more do meteorologists classify it as a hurricane.  Ã‚   They're Not Called Hurricanes Everywhere in the World Tropical cyclones have different titles depending on where in the world they are located. Mature tropical cyclones  with winds of 74 mph or more that exist anywhere in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or in the eastern or central North Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line are called hurricanes. Mature tropical cyclones that form in the Northwest Pacific basin the  western part of the North Pacific Ocean, between 180 °Ã‚  (the International Date Line)  and 100 ° East longitude are called typhoons.  Such tempests  within the North  Indian Ocean  between 100 ° E and 45 ° E are simply called  cyclones. Hurricanes Get PersonalizedNames to Better Track Them Since storms can last for weeks and more than one storm can be occurring at a time in the same body of water, theyre given male and female  names to reduce confusion about which storm forecasters are communicating about to the public.   Hurricane Names Are BorrowedFrom Names of the People They Impact Many storm names are unique to the basin they exist in and regions they impact. This is because names are lifted from those popular in the nations and territories of the lands within that basin. For example, tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific (near China, Japan, and the Philippines) receive names common to the Asian culture as well as names taken from those of flowers and trees.  Ã‚   Updated by Tiffany Means