The Importance of Wearing a Seatbelt Essay -- Argumentative Safety Dri

The Importance of Wearing a SeatbeltWe have all heard the excuses before, Its uncomfortable, Im only going around the corner, Id rather be thrown out of a car than be stuck in a propertybelt, and my favorite, Im a good driver I dont need to wear one. Well you may be a good driver but there are situations beyond your control such as bad weather, road conditions and not to notice other drivers that can affect your safety. Seat belts can mean the difference between life and death in an auto accident. Wearing a seat belt every time you enter a vehicle is not only the smart thing to do it is the right thing because it saves lives, its the law and it entrust save you money. Car accidents are the leading cause of death for people under the age of 35. Wearing a seat belt can stay fresh death in about half of these accidents. Did you know that every 15 seconds someone is injured in an automobile accident if they are not buckled up, or that every 13 minutes someone is killed in a crash. F ailure to wear a seat belt contributes to more fatalities than any other hit traffic safety related behavior. According to the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration seatbelts saved nearly 12,000 lives in the United States in the form 2000. The NHTSA estimates that more than 9,000 U.S. car accident fatalities in 2000 would have been avoided if the victims had been wearing seatbelts. Sixty three percent of the people killed in accidents were not wearing seat belts. The NHTSA a...

Estrangement in Joseph Conrads Amy Foster and in Rebecca Wests The Re

Estrangement in Joseph Conrads Amy Foster and in Rebecca Wests The Return of the SoldierThe concept of male alienation in an alien environment is portrayed in both Joseph Conrads short story, Amy Foster, as well as in Rebecca Wests book, The Return of the Soldier. First, there argon adverse reactions to the male protagonists perspective in their environments. The reactions vary between the protagonists and the people they come into contact with. Second, there are similarities and differences between the commission the two authors chose to explore the slips presented. Third, both protagonists handle their estrangement differently. It is hard to behave appropriately when you are among peculiar customs. It seems ironic that in both instances, the protagonist has reached the alien environment from violent circumstances. In Amy Foster, the main character, Yanko Goorall, falls victim to a shipwreck, leaving him stranded in a mysterious land. For instance, Conrad writes he was a castawaywashed ashore here in a storm. And for himEngland was an undiscovered country (Conrad 140). Upon arrival, he was desperate and in need of shelter and sustenance, causing him to appear as though he was behaving erratically. The driver of Mr. Bradleys milk-cart make no secret of it that he had lashed with his whip at a hairy sort of gipsy fellow who, jumping at a turn of the streetmade a snatch at the ponys bridle (Conrad 145). This is justified by the narrator who claims Maybe that in his desperate endeavours to get help, and in his need to get in touch with some one, the poor devil had tried to stop the cart (Conrad 145). Although Yanko had appeared to be behaving oddly, his behaviors were also responded to in a or else harsh f... ... from his present life, back to a time when he was safe and happy. In conclusion, the idea of male estrangement in an alien environment is examined in both Joseph Conrads fabulous short story, Amy Foster, as well as in Rebecca Wests sad tale, The Return of the Soldier. First, various reactions occur. There are the reactions to the protagonists as well as the reactions of the protagonists. Second, the authors chose to explore different situations. Despite this fact, there are a few similarities in both situations. Third, each protagonist explores his situation differently. One runs from his past, his eyes gleaming with a brighter future. The other openly embraces his past, while rejecting his present life and hoping for a second chance. There is no easy way of going about it, and it is interesting how similar yet different both of these adventures are.

Production Context of Bye Bye Blues :: Anne Wheeler Bye Bye Blues Essays

Production Context of flip Bye colorIn his essay on the historical fiction film, Leger Grindon writes History is no more than a useful device to speak of the present time. The historical film indulges its contact with the spry and generally refuses the past its distinct and foreign character (Grindon 189). It is exactly this distinct character, however, that director Anne Wheeler hoped to capture in her 1989 film Bye Bye Blues. In an interview taken during the films production, Wheeler explained Im trying to present history as it was, not as we hope it was (Hays 9). With Bye Bye Blues, Wheeler has created more than simply what Grindon purports the historical fiction to be her film captures much of the detail of intent on the Canadian home-front during the Second origination War. Wheeler does, however, weave into the film a deeper message about the role of the woman in society, which, ultimately, speaks directly to the audience of the 1990s. While Bye Bye Blues is factual, the fi lm does not depict history entirely as it happened. This is not to say that Wheeler has overtly classified the forties as a layover of triumph for feminists the world over, for she has not. Much of Bye Bye Blues is indeed authentic. Wheeler has said time and again in interviews that stylistically, she likes to keep things as practical as possible (Hays 9). This is evidenced by the manner in which Wheeler tackles her subject the film treats the events of the past with subtlety. The overall impression left by accounts of life on the home-front is of ... boredom and ... deprivation punctuated by moments of terror (Klein 10). Had the director exaggerated the events of the state of war, even on the home-front, she would have sacrificed some of the films realism. Instead of glorifying the war and over-dramatizing events like the return of Daisys husband, the story is presented in a straight-forward and unsentimental manner. Wheeler presents problems that are true-to-life, such as Daisy being unable to afford advanced shoes for her son. And certainly the events the film addresses are historically accurate Japan did invade Singapore at the end of 1940, taking enemy soldiers hostage as prisoners of war (Snyder 267). During the war, women were left to fend for themselves and their children, without knowing whether their husbands were dead or alive, let alone where they could write to them (Vickers 25).

Symbolism in Farenheight 451 by Ray Bradbury Essay -- Farenheight 451

Symbolism in Farenheight 451 by Ray BradburyFahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury is a futuristic romance, taking the reader to a time where books and thinking are outlawed. In a time so dreadful where those who want to transgress themselves by thinking, and by class period are outlaws as well. Books and ideas are burned, books are burned physically, whereas ideas are burned from the mind. Bradbury habituates literary devices, such as symbolism, but it is the idea he wants to convey that makes this novel so devastating. Bradbury warns us of what may happen if we stop expressing our ideas, and we let people take away our books, and thoughts. Bradbury notices what has been going on in the world, with regards to censorship, and McCarthyism in America. That is what he is mouth out a come uponst. Bradburys use of symbolism end-to-end the novel makes the book moving and powerful by using symbolism to reinforce the ideas of anti-censorship. The Hearth and the Salamander, the title of disc lose one, is the first spokesperson of symbolism. The title suggests two things having to do with fire, the hearth is a source of warmth and goodness, showing the positive, non-destructive side of fire. Whereas a stove poker is a polished lizard-like amphibian, and also in mythology, is cognise to endure fire without recrudesceting burnt by it. Perhaps the salamander is symbolic of Guy Montag, who is being described as a salamander because he works with fire, and endures it, but believes that he can escape the fire and survive, much like a salamander does. On the opposite hand, it is ironic that Guy, and the otherwise firemen believe themselves to be salamanders because both Capt. Beattys and Montags destruction comes from the all mighty flame, from which they thought they were invincible. The symbol of a Phoenix is used throughout the novel. This quotation mark accurately describes the Phoenix, It is known to be a mythical multi-colored bird of Arabia, with a long history of artistic and literary symbolism, the Phoenix is one of a kind. At the end of its five-hundred-year existence, it perches on its nest of spices and sings until sunlight ignites the masses. After the body is consumed in flames, a worm emerges and develops into the next Phoenix.. The Phoenix symbolizes the rebirth after destruction by fire, only to get burnt, and be destroyed again. Firemen wear the Phoenix on their uni figs, and Capt. Beatty symbolically ... ... was the Nazi book burning that took place after Hitler came to power. These burings took place to decease Jewish and outdoors ingluence on the Aryans, which is precisely what Bradbury demonstrates in this extraordinary piece of literature. Now to the probability portion of my statement, with the censorship by various parties, political and otherwise it is not flimsy that such a catasrophy could happen again, although it could come in the form of simply choking off the undesireable ideas.Symbolism added to the power and overall guess behind this book. The symbols were usually descriptive of something or somebody, such as the Phoenix, and the salamander. Whereas destruction and fire came to be a symbol in the eyes of the reader throughout the novel. Perhaps this novel, pen in the early 1950s, spoke out against the future, and spoke out against censorship, but one thing is for sure, we must always attempt to better ourselves with knowledge, and always form our own ideas. If we do, then we will have gotten the message of Ray Bradbury. There is no knowledge that is not power... And all our lives we must look for for power, and in that search, we gain knowledge.(Anonymous) Symbolism in Farenheight 451 by Ray Bradbury Essay -- Farenheight 451 Symbolism in Farenheight 451 by Ray BradburyFahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury is a futuristic novel, taking the reader to a time where books and thinking are outlawed. In a time so dreadful where those who want to better themselves by thinking, and by reading are outlaws as well. Books and ideas are burned, books are burned physically, whereas ideas are burned from the mind. Bradbury uses literary devices, such as symbolism, but it is the idea he wants to convey that makes this novel so devastating. Bradbury warns us of what may happen if we stop expressing our ideas, and we let people take away our books, and thoughts. Bradbury notices what has been going on in the world, with regards to censorship, and McCarthyism in America. That is what he is speaking out against. Bradburys use of symbolism throughout the novel makes the book moving and powerful by using symbolism to reinforce the ideas of anti-censorship. The Hearth and the Salamander, the title of part one, is the first example of symbolism. The title suggests two things having to do with fire, the hearth is a source of warmth and goodness, showing the positive, non-destructive side of fire. Whereas a salamander is a small lizard-like amphibian, and also in mythology, i s known to endure fire without getting burnt by it. Perhaps the salamander is symbolic of Guy Montag, who is being described as a salamander because he works with fire, and endures it, but believes that he can escape the fire and survive, much like a salamander does. On the other hand, it is ironic that Guy, and the other firemen believe themselves to be salamanders because both Capt. Beattys and Montags destruction comes from the all mighty flame, from which they thought they were invincible. The symbol of a Phoenix is used throughout the novel. This quote accurately describes the Phoenix, It is known to be a mythical multi-colored bird of Arabia, with a long history of artistic and literary symbolism, the Phoenix is one of a kind. At the end of its five-hundred-year existence, it perches on its nest of spices and sings until sunlight ignites the masses. After the body is consumed in flames, a worm emerges and develops into the next Phoenix.. The Phoenix symbolizes the rebirth afte r destruction by fire, only to get burnt, and be destroyed again. Firemen wear the Phoenix on their uniforms, and Capt. Beatty symbolically ... ... was the Nazi book burning that took place after Hitler came to power. These burings took place to eliminate Jewish and outside ingluence on the Aryans, which is precisely what Bradbury demonstrates in this extraordinary piece of literature. Now to the probability portion of my statement, with the censorship by various parties, political and otherwise it is not unlikely that such a catasrophy could happen again, although it could come in the form of simply choking off the undesireable ideas.Symbolism added to the power and overall affect behind this book. The symbols were usually descriptive of something or somebody, such as the Phoenix, and the salamander. Whereas destruction and fire came to be a symbol in the eyes of the reader throughout the novel. Perhaps this novel, written in the early 1950s, spoke out against the future, and spok e out against censorship, but one thing is for sure, we must always attempt to better ourselves with knowledge, and always form our own ideas. If we do, then we will have gotten the message of Ray Bradbury. There is no knowledge that is not power... And all our lives we must search for power, and in that search, we gain knowledge.(Anonymous)

The Black Panther Party Essay -- essays research papers

The Black Panthers arent talked about much. The Panthers had made a huge difference in the civil rights movement. They were non just a Black KKK. They helped revolutionize the thought of African Americans in the U.S.The Black Panther had a huge background of history, goals, and beliefs. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, Ca 1966, founded the Panthers. They were originally as an African American self defense force and were highly influenced by Malcolm Xs ideas. They were named after Lowndes County Freedom Organization or LCFO. The Panthers had many goals like giving back to the ghetto, protecting blacks from police brutality, and to help blacks get freedom and jobs. They also had many beliefs like Malcolm X was a colossal person, and they believed that gun use was ok if necessary, or if people were oppressing the poor. The Panthers had many accomplishments while they were around, these were some of them. The Panthers gave to the need many times. They did stuff like opened f ood shelters, wellness clinics, elementary schools, patrolled urban ghettos to stop police brutality, created offices to teach young black kids, and they said that they were going to start stressing services. The Panthers had many great people join them, hardly one man had made a huge accomplishment that will never be forgotten. In November of 68 the Chicago chapter of The B.P.P. was founded by Fred Hampton, he was a strong leader. The accomplishment he had made was that...

The Black Panther Party Essay -- essays research papers

The Black Panthers arent talked about much. The Panthers had made a huge difference in the civil rights movement. They were not unless a Black KKK. They helped revolutionize the thought of African Americans in the U.S.The Black Panther had a huge background of history, goals, and beliefs. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, Ca 1966, founded the Panthers. They were so unmatchedr as an African American self defense force and were highly influenced by Malcolm Xs ideas. They were named after Lowndes County Freedom Organization or LCFO. The Panthers had many an(prenominal) goals like giving back to the ghetto, protecting blacks from police brutality, and to help blacks get freedom and jobs. They also had many beliefs like Malcolm X was a great person, and they believed that shooter use was ok if necessary, or if people were oppressing the poor. The Panthers had many accomplishments while they were around, these were some of them. The Panthers gave to the need many times. They did stuff like opened food shelters, health clinics, childlike schools, patrolled urban ghettos to stop police brutality, created offices to teach young black kids, and they said that they were going to start stressing services. The Panthers had many great people join them, but one man had made a huge accomplishment that will never be forgotten. In November of 68 the Chicago chapter of The B.P.P. was founded by Fred Hampton, he was a concentrated leader. The accomplishment he had made was that...

Economic/Social transitions in literature Essay

The great plays staged in London and its more modern counterpart, the films, that atomic number 18 accessible to on the whole, depict the amicable issues, biases and struggles of not only the characters in the plays or the films, but also the monastic order of that time. As for instance, the acquisition of wealth as a social activity, which is very primitive to man, as primitive as his bay to survive, has been portrayed in varying floors of need, as if so urgent. The problem arises when star realizes that the quest is not a solo act.There ar still different members of the society one belongs to and interacts with, who seek wealth in their own ways. Since man made discoveries of and developed the tools or things he could use for purposes that serve him, benefit him, and improve him, man became a part of the race for the survival of the fittest. Self-interest is his order of the day that, by hook or crook, he has to engage in activities that bequeath earn for him his status , prestige, monetary rewards, properties and other(a) successes or things he finds worthy of his taste.The means by which such rewards are achieved are just an afterthought, and most of the time, immaterial to him. The surfaceset of the 16th century marked the trend towards Industrial Revolution in England and writers have recorded in their manuscripts the daily ordeals their society faced, literally and figuratively. In Christopher Marlowes The Jew of Malta as in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, it is evident that religious differences or conflicts are present and the Jews figured greatly in these conflicts. They are despised by the locals Maltese and Venetians alike.They are spat on and cry (out)ed by other names for the Jews are easily identified by the red wigs they are required to withstand at all times. Shakespeare echoes the thoughts and social issues regarding the Jews of their time. Senti custodyts against the Jews are present in both plays although it st ill remains debatable if Marlowe or Shakespeare were anti-Semitics. The term anti-Semitism came about in 1879, but anti-Jewish agitation was already present for thousands of years. Even during the ancient Roman Empire, the Jews were already discriminated upon politically for their religion and special forms of worship.Discrimination was also used as a ground against the Jews from obtaining Roman citizenship. As they were responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ during his time, they have been considered a race with a bad reputation. As the creed of Christ spread from Jerusalem to surrounding Gentile lands to as far as the western hemisphere and brought about the as yettual domination of Christianity, Jews had been the object of world-wide and systematic hatred where religion is concerned (Anti-Semitism, 2009). Equally disdainful are the Jews regard to the Christians religious hypocrisy.Both plays present the say hypocrisy of Christians who are superficially devout but are inwardly rotten as Barabbass slave, Ithamore. The materialistic friars Jacomo and Bernardine, leaders of Christianity from different orders in a certain locality, are keener at the wealth of Barabbas than of the heavenly riches they preach. Evidently, social structure is at play. An invisible social structure somehow manipulates important social systems that includes the manner society conducts its trade, or handles and interprets its laws, its political affairs, its cultural norms and other areas.All institutions of human affairs are considered social structures, including family, religion, law, economy and class and all these are under a larger and more encompassing chunk called social system (Lopez and Scott, 2000). Marlowes portrayal of Barabbas, closely resembling the murderous Barabbas who was freed during the time of Christ, also performed a killing spree he masterminded. There was no telling at the end, though, of the motivations that drove him to such state, especially af ter he has regained his wealth after streaks of political deceptions.Poor men marrying wealthy women as a form of emancipation from their present state seems acceptable. In The Merchant of Venice, Bassanios urgent love for Portia is ambiguous that he even tells Antonio to consider the arrangement an investment. In The Jew of Malta, Barabbas dislikes the Christian men courting his daughter for he does not want any of them sharing the wealth he stored up for her. Men and women are used to cross-dressing. On the very stage where Shakespeares plays are performed, no women are allowed to take part. So men in womens roles cross-dress.Quite intriguing also is the love of Antonio for Bassanio that he was willing to shed off a pound of flesh to prove his great love for his friend. The shoemakers Holiday, Thomas Dekkers comical play, was staged around the time the fame of Shakespearean plays were a hit in London and it also echoes the fictional character of social structure where men of stat ure cannot marry women of lesser stature as the characters of Rowland Lacy and Rose Oteley depict. There was prejudice among the lower class and unrighteousness versa but for true lovers, social classes do not matter.The working class, as in this case, the shoemakers, are at the forefront and where one of them by deception and unmingled luck makes it to be advance Lord Mayor Simon Eyre. According to Lopez and Scott (2000), distinctive between institutional structure and relational structure are some patterns that exist at heart each structure. They stated that social structure is seen as comprising those cultural or normative patterns that define the expectations of agents hold about each others way and that organize their enduring relations with each other (Lopez and Scott, 2000, p. 3). They contrasted it as such,social structure is seen as comprising the relationships themselves, understood as patterns of causal interconnection and interdependence among agents and their action s, as well as the positions that they occupy (Lopez and Scott, 2000, p. 3). Both in the former merchant plays of Marlowe and Shakespeare, deception has always been present in the situations, whether for good intentions or to inflict harm. However, Dekkers play is more idealistic than it is a real depiction of the working class and the government of his time, for unlike Shakespeare, Dekker did not have the same privilege Shakespeare enjoyed.Meanwhile, Charles fiend A Christmas Carol portrays the now evident gap between the rich and the poor in 18th century England and the deeper problems the gap brought in with it ? poverty and social injustice. As Dickens play tackles serious issues present in society during his time that no one but Ebenezer Scrooge can greatly personify, it is translucent that Dickens was calling on his fellowmen to take a closer look at the plight of the others who were not as fortunate.Dickens asks, in effect, that his fellow Englishmen extrapolate and act on the dilemma facing those displaced and eventually sent to poverty by the dark age of the Industrial Revolution (Dickens, 2003). The Scrooges utter disregard towards everything but money makes him the monster that will invoke doom for all. If from the earlier merchant plays, self-interest seems like the rule-of-thumb, in A Christmas Carol the call for selflessness points out that social responsibility does not end when taxes are filed.The story has become one of Dickens best and one of four other Christmas books he had published. In fast-paced New York, the 80s Wall path film by Oliver Stone (1987) revolves around the ruthless corporate character Gordon Gekko played by Michael Douglas. This film depicts human nature back to its fullest and is personified by greed and corrupt morals. The film deals with the basic craving for wealth and power, getting things make at all cost in no time. Honesty and simplicity have no place if someone has to go up the ladder of success right away be greedy.Gekkos portrayal of the Greed is good speech came from complaints that management owns little of its stock while it supports too many vice presidents, an allusion to real-life speeches and comments signified by Carl Icahn, know as the shrewdest investor in the planet, regarding companies he tried to take over. Also, the defense of greed came from a paraphrased commencement address on May 18, 1986 at the UC Berkeleys rail of Business Administration, delivered by Ivan Boesky, now a Wall Street incognito as he was found guilty of insider-trading.In his address he tell that greed is just all right, healthy and still feels good about it. The Greed is Good line may also be adverted Adam Smith, the track expositor of economic thought on his conclusion about human nature. Smith believed rational self-interest in a free-market economy leads to economic well-being. Smith wrote in his Theory of Moral Sentiments that no matter how selfish a man may be, there is in his nature that wil l always interest him in the fortune of others and render their happiness necessary to him though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it.His view on self-interest is benign and denies that emptiness can be virtuous in any degree and that charity, though virtuous, cannot in any way provide the essentials of living by itself. Wall Street mirrors a society so laid-back it has to time for hard work and doing work well a society that got used to getting big bucks quickly (Stone, 2003). Another New York-based film, Working Girl (Wade, 1988), directed by Mike Nichols shows how Tess McGill, a character played by Melanie Griffith, decides to climb up the ladder of success, out of the secretarial pool she has been in for so long.Despite her resourcefulness, hard work, and degree earned from college, she stands no chance as she lacks the prestige of acquiring a degree from a prestigious school. Intelligent as she is, it is her boss who sucks out good ideas from her. A per sons social position within the social pecking order in a society indicates a set of peoples opinion of their own place or position in society and these are very subjective, depending on who a person talks to or who a person associates himself/herself with.Kristina Lindemann (2000) adds that education, occupation, and income are also related to the subjective social position where a persons environment provides great impact on how an individual sees himself in the context of social hierarchy in society or ones objective characteristics. Lindemann (2000) further divides these characteristics into ascribed and achieved characteristics. Ascribed characteristics are innate as age, gender and ethnicity while achieved characteristics are acquired or learned as education, occupation or income. enchantment studies show that acquired characteristics are relevant to how one sees himself positioned in the hierarchy, some theorists do not believe so (Lindermann, 2000). The environment McGill w orks in is too hawkish where everyone keeps a watchful eye as to whose idea works and whose idea will push one higher. Reaching the top then has to be done with cutting-edge guts. Out-witting her boss in presenting what is her own original idea for the company, she has to deceive their companys major client.Other moral issues may also come into play as, to be able to advance notches higher in the corporate world, one has to have to sleep with who is in charge, one has to be mindful of what his colleagues are up to, which may be translated to office politics. REFERENCES Anti-Semitism (2009). Retrieved August 3, 2009 from http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761574855/Anti-Semitism. html Lopez, J. and J. Scott (2000), Social Structure, Buckingham and Philadelphia Open University Press. Murdock, G. (1949). Social Structure. New York MacMillan. Dickens, C.(2003). A Christmas Carol. Grand Rapids Saddleback. Stone, O. (Writer) (1987). Wall Street. regular army Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation Wade, K. (Writer) (1988). Working Girls. USA Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation Vitt, L. A. (2007). Class. Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology Retrieved August 3, 2009, from http//www. blackwellreference. com. libproxy. lib. unc. edu/subscriber/tocnode? id=g9781405124331_chunk_g97814051243319_ss1-49 Lindemann, K. (2007). The Impact of Objective Characteristics on innate Social Position. Trames, 11, 54-68.

Reduce Cost

In the unpredictable economic times prevalent contemporarily, organizations and economies all in all over the world be devising strategies that canful prove effective in providing them sanctuary from the looming threat of increasing expenditures. However, there atomic number 18 a human action of ways through which these expenses can be controlled in an intelligent and less intimidating way. First and foremost, a careful epitome of the sectors where your budget goes wild is of import in taming the money animal.Sometimes it is difficult to reduce an increase item, but more net profits can be generated from the increased item if the expense analysis is conducted in a careful way. It is therefore primal during analysis that one must make use of percentages rather than actual dollar amounts. For instance if your of import objective is to surge sales it is important that the dollar expense is kept the same, by implementing this method you have actually decreased the expense of sa le as a percentage which provide eventually manifest itself in the form of increased profits.Similarly if the sales volume of an item remains constant, the percentage of profit can still be increased by reducing a particular component contributing to expense. Through such a policy you will be able to successfully achieve both objectives to decrease the alarming expense and increase the productivity at the same time. Another scratch that can effectively be utilized when discussing ways to reduce costs and expenses is ingeniously prioritize the expenditures that are mandatory and those that can temporarily be sidelined.The prioritization is also important as it allows organizations to make decisions accordingly in order to frame their objectives towards acquiring goals that they feel are important for the prosperity of the organization rather than focusing merely on places which are not that productive. Pros and Cons of Outsourcing One of the areas which have turned out to be a nig htmare for the domestic labor market of the United States is the outsourcing. The phenomenon is associated with contrary economic as well as social repercussions.Statistics reveal that majority of the countrys native labor force regards outsourcing as a thick poison to their employment opportunities. This was easily manifested when during a survey 1,019 adults when inquired about outsourcing, 60% of them straight forwardly polled in negative, whereas only 23% said that it was important for financial rejuvenation. In addition to this over 40% companies are involved either in experimenting or are already engaged in shifting their services foreign in search of cheap labor and services that are being provided by countries like China and India.However on the flip side pro-outsourcing advocates require that by implementing upon outsourcing new job opportunities can be explored as there are also a number of government agencies that outsource their work to variant country labor which s aves them millions of dollars directly affecting consumer spending as well as expenses being handled by the state treasury. Long and short term issues think to outsourcing A key issue that arises out of outsourcing is finding a satisfactory answer to the question whether outsourcing in future will facilitate the creation of greater employment opportunities.Short-term issues concerning the entire matter are the hypothetical, euphoric and speculative nature between the two major elements and assume that one-to-one replacement of pile can easily take place, but in dynamic market situations such as those faced by US markets, prevalence of such conditions are almost next to impossible because price and income both exhibit an elastic nature. Many economic models proposed by prominent economists fail to address these fundamental flaws which are quite dominant in the economic setup of the country.Furthermore in the long run outsourcing can be used as an effective tool for substantial econ omic gains which can be achieved through proper maintenance of service record which is very important as your customer will be something more than just a simple vendor, effective outsourcing and its fruitful results can only be obtained if the specific customer can readily address the outsourcer in a timely manner and can resolve all complications and difficulties encountered by the outsourcer in performing the task.Another very important factor that is often miss by many is the presence of properly trained and managed staff for the outsourcing work. When a customer provides a company with work, he invests a feeling of trust and believability in the name of the company and therefore it is mandatory for the outsourcer or the outsourcing company itself to live up to his expectations and refrain from practices that may putrid the relation between the leaf node and the service provider. (Holzer, Demetra and Nightingale, 2007)

Ideal Student

With scholarship, one may subdue savants in court Brave in spirit, one may fight courageous battles Born a king, one might rule over an Empire One may even land on the moon But of what use are both these achievements, If one is not able to control the mind and the senses, And uphold eternal human values? My Teachers, Fellow Students, Boys and Girls The world badly needs today rarefied students with exemplary character instead of wealth and prosperity. The progress of the nation depends on such students alone. It is such sacred practices alone that have protected ideal students finished the ages.My Teachers, Fellow Students, Boys and Girls Unfortunately, Islamic values declined in the course of time among us. Todays student has completely forgotten all about our Islamic goal and human values. We need to find them in our self and must spread in our society. We always speak truth and follow the path of honesty and justice. This is the nigh important factor to become an ideal studen t. Fellow Students, Boys and Girls True Knowledge is another barometer against which we can measure in an Ideal Student.Knowledgeable students always respect by the society and admire by the world. His knowledge always makes pride to his parents, family and school. Fellow Students, Boys and Girls We are the future citizens of this country. We all could become ideal students for the glory of our nation. It can be revived only if we become the torchbearers because falsehood, injustice, bad conduct, and evil are widespread in our country. We need to fight against them getting excellent knowledge and taking an diligent role to spread joy and happiness among our society. Thank You and God bless you all

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald Essay

Many characters in the Great Gatsby parallel to Fitzgerald life. For example, Daisy, the women Jay Gatsby has been basing his whole life on, is similar to Zelda Sayre, who would not bind Fitzgerald at first because of his lack of success. Gatsby and Fitzgerald both met vital women to their lives at dances, and both while they were stationed at camps in the army. Gatsby met Daisy at Camp Taylor in Illinois, where they danced and fell in love. However, later on Gatsby went off to war, they never got back together again.Fitzgerald met his wife, Zelda, at Camp Sheridan in Alabama. Instead of going off to war (his regiment was ready to go to Europe, just the Armistice came before they could leave the States), he went to New York to get enough money to marry Zelda. In the movie version, Daisy tells Gatsby that Rich girls dont marry poor boys. This line was taken straight out of Fitzgeralds life. The father of his first love, a young woman by the name of Ginevra King, supposedly told hi m that later on Fitzgerald asked for Ginevras hand in marriage.The Great Gatsby is F. Scott Fitzgeralds most renowned maintain, and still one of the most read novels in American literature. A book with this much success was obviously was a product of great influence. The Great Gatsby draws many extensive parallels between F. Scott Fitzgeralds life and this novel. These similarities range from basing characters off principal(prenominal) people from his personal life to interweaving intricate love relationships he went through into the novel to recreating the American Dream.The book comes as a direct result of many of the events in Fitzgeralds early life. First off, are the most noticeable parallels, the character he chooses. Fitzgerald parallels himself in two of the main characters in The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby, and cut Carraway. Nick represents Fitzgeralds passive, or indecisive, and observant characteristics. On the other hand, Gatsby shows Fitzgeralds passionate and active attributes.

Review of Renaissance Architecture

Throughout the past old ages the outgrowth of architecture have departed through assorted evolutionary stages.The doctrine of Architecture produced with clip two major subdivisions which is the basic spiritual rebirth and fancy architecture.The development of Architecture from basic conversion signifier which indicates holding the features of self-respect and formality shown through symmetricalness and that to hold an available infinite for rational booking with the Godhead which can be take a firm brook that it surely provides a rational battle with architecture which is a more effectual agencies to grok and under refuse architectural signifier than the Baroque signifier which perversely presented the setoff of new dynamic, fluid and theatrical attack to architecture that was fleshed to impact straight upon emotional manners of battle. The Baroque architecture which was originally linked to the takings reformation which is a motion within the Catholic perform to reconstr uct itself to react to the Protestant church and its embroideries were more approachable to the feelings and power of the Italian church which formed a new manner, whereas Renaissance was a mixture of spiritual and secular force and retreat the prosperity and strength of the Italian churches.From the 14Thursdayto the 17Thursdaycentury In Italy, the urban center of Florence specifi mentiony is where the launch of Renaissance architecture which is besides known as Rebirth or Revival of the Roman authoritative Humanistic disciplines had foremost began and later on was distributed to the remainder of Europe. Symmetry, geometry, proportion and regularity of elements are they are shown in Ancient Roman architecture is what stipulate the Renaissance manner. However, in the metropolis of Florence, designers and creative persons show their support through their advancement of new forms of picture, sculpture and architecture, identical to seeking of prestigiousness and place through their aid of art and letters by the bankers and liberal merchandisers. Hence, As clip passed by Renaissance Architecture has evolved and went through multiple phases.At first it has gone through the Early period which is the first passage period.Secondly comes Proto-Baroque which is forward Baroque or in other words High Renaissance.Finally It evaluated to Baroque period.Baroque architecture began in late 16Thursdaycentury in Italy that turned Renaissance architecture into a philosophical and inventive in a theatrical manner manner frequently to show an inventive thought. Lights and dramatic strength is used besides to stand for Baroque architecture. Bernini and Borromini are the first two major designers that developed Baroque period as Bernini was the first one to germinate many sculptures into his edifices and the Francesco Burromini came to Italy to larn from Bernini.However, all manner of Architecture has its ain features, stuffs, elements and forms and different purposes, but it is supported that nearing architecture with Renaissance manner tends to be more piquant with architecture and understanding it and stand foring it in a right signifier than Baroque manner. Late Roman edifices, peculiarly Donato Bramantes St. Peter s Basilica Tempietto in Rome its design attains a colossal integrity that was non known before and hence can be considered as ascendant to baroque architecture. Donato Bramante was an Italian designer, who introducedRenaissance architectureto Milan and theHigh Renaissance manner to Rome, where his design forSt. Peter s Basilicaformed the footing of the design executed byMichelangelo.Donato Bramante Tempietto in Rome represent absolutely the Renaissance manner of architectureThe tempietto identified the start of the Renaissance in Rome in 1502, when a sanctuary to stand for where saint Peter was killed was requested from Alexander to be built allegedly.Bramante made his edifice to constitute the Christian mention for tradition and Platoni c penchant for the early church. The edifice is surrounded by a one-story Doric colonnade with entablature and bannister and a 2-story piston chamber covered by a hemispherical domeBramantes St.Peter strategy symbolized a edifice on the buildup of the Baths of Diocletian covered by a dome similar to that of the Pantheon. Began in April 1506. About all the critical designer of the 16Thursdayand 17Thursdayhad been altered by the same clip that the church was to the full adjusted.Renaissance architecture in both of these edifices tends to holding two-dimensional classicm in which its walls are decorated with culomns, pediments, and blind arches of little physical deepness and that serves as level canvases for a classical inveer, which serves to divide a wall into a precise and orderly signifier, perversely in Baroque architecture the walls are profoundly chelised and curved which treats as undulating whole.Furthermore, St Peters basilica and Donato Bramantes Tempietto in Rome have Faca des that are symmetrical around their perpendicular axis. A systenm of pilasters, arches and entlabatures which form a relative surmount the frontages and the columns and Windowss demonstrate imitate advance toward the centre.In contrast Buildings such as John Balthasar Neumanns Pilgrimage Church of Vierzehnheiligen in Bamburg, Germany the frontages consisted of many curves, Baroque pediments ( which is the triangular country surrounded by the rooftop and the border of the roofs ) were frequently extremely decorated. Scrolls and gilded formed the tips sometimes.This is a exposure for John Balthasar Neumanns Pilgrimage Church of Vierzehnheiligen in Bamburg, Germany which represent the Baroque architectureFloor program John Balthasar Neumanns Pilgrimage Church of Vierzehnheiligen in Bamburg, Germany which represent the Baroque architectureThe Baroque manner has its completely egg-shaped form and took the advantage of marbles, bronze and gildings in copiousness of the interior and sometimes the insides are covered by multiple aureate puttos and life coat 1s. Using an art technique called as Trompe loeil painting including strongly realistic imagination hence to make the optical vision and semblance for objects to be seeable in three dimensions the ceilings and domes of the Baroque architecture were formed, alternatively of being an ordinary two dimensional picture. The major function that Baroque architecture acted upon was the call for an architecture that is both approachable and accessible to feelings and emotions and besides a shown statement of wealth and power of church. The frontages consisted of many curves, Baroque pediments ( which is the triangular country between the terminal of the roofs and the rooftop ) were normally highly decorated. The tips were sometimes turned into coils and gilded. A listed characteristics of churrigueresque architecture would include more curves instead than resultant lines, cosmetic columns alternatively of a valida tory one and twisted in form every bit good, detailing with a high sense of ornament, using the visual aspect of traveling and constant flow every bit good, along with an copiousness of Windowss, and a batch of pictures intermixing with the architecture. The church was constructed between the twelvemonth of 1743 to 1772 along with it alone design in the inside which strongly reflect the Baroque architecture. The program of the church shows the church has layout which is considered to be a heterogeneous of extremely divided spacial agreement in a Latin cross signifier, along with a series of ellipses that divides a big series of ellipses thats perpendicular to it. Traveling on to the ceiling, its broken up with immense Windowss that allow the infinite to be exposed to directional visible radiation. Uniting all this together which is the sum of light coming from the Windowss and the flawless decorate work done by the designers, created an astonishing and simple in footings of a tra nsporting inside which has been called God s Ballroom.As a individual approaches the church he or she will witness a fantastic sandstone facade resembling a glorious Baroque manner along with an appealing and warm chromaticity.In decision, Baroque architecture which considered to be related to emotional battle, this manner or architecture dressed ore and give more attending to ornament more than support of the construction, curves instead than consecutive lines, and accent on the visual aspect of motion all along the church. Although Baroque has barrows many characteristics from the idiosyncrasy and Renaissance, but at the same clip on that point is a batch of differences found between these two manners of architecture. In bespeaking those differences u will reason that Renaissance is more based on naturalism and being consecutive, every bit good as holding the features of self-respect and formality shown through symmetricalness and that to hold an available infinite for rational battle with the Godhead which can be asserted that it surely provides a rational battle with architecture, while the Baroque manner concentrates more in being complex and in a flow. Giving those factors renaissance architecture can be considered more convincing in footings of architectural facets due to the high degree of constancy and proportionality which reflects the construct of power and modus operandi which is needed in topographic points like churches

Hobbes’ Political Philosophy Essay

Hobbes argues that the state of nature is a state of perpetual warfare of every last(predicate) a get alongst all and consequently, the life of man in the state of nature solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short (xiii, 9). In this paper I pull up stakes explain Hobbes arguwork forcets that support his need to the state of nature. I will also assess these arguments and state that they are not valid and, thitherfore, not sound. I will therefore talk close to the most controversial premise, relative scarcity of goods, and how Hobbes would serve to the objections of this premise.I will then talk about his response to this objection being unsuccessful. Finally, I will assess whether it will be possible to leave the state of nature given the f movementors Hobbes describes that create the state of nature. I will show that Hobbes argument on how men will leave the state of nature is a valid and sound argument. agree to Hobbes this war of all against all comes from three key points. Fi rst, Hobbes states that there is a rough equality among men. Hobbes means by equality of men, that one man is not strong or intelligent enough that he piece of tail overpower two men.Secondly, because of this equality between men, if there is competition for the same goods, men will begin to distrust each other. Lastly, Hobbes states that because of this mistrust there is a cascade effect. The anticipation of one man being attacked causes them to attack the other because they consider it a better option to attack, rather than wait and be attacked. According to Hobbes this leads to a war of all against all. This is an invalid argument and therefore unsound. I will show that this argument is invalid by showing that because of the equality of men there is a fear among men.The premise dealing with the equality of men makes this argument invalid because if all men were considered equal, then men would be in constant fear of one another. This is due to the lack of ability to overpower ea ch other. They would be unwilling to attack each other because there is no assurance that they would win because of this. The most controversial premise is the one dealing with the competition between goods. The scarcity of goods does not necessarily have to lead to a competition amongst the goods.An example of this is the Native Americans. They could be considered to have breakd in the state of nature, but they did not live in a state of a war of all against all as described by Hobbes. Some tribes had goods that other tribes did not have and vice versa. The tribes realized this and traded their own goods with each other. Hobbes might respond to this objection by saying that this is an invalid argument because it is relying on the premise that everyone is going to keep to their covenants in the state of nature.If people behave rationally and act on their own self-concern it would make sense that people would break their covenants after the other party has completed their side. The y would break them because they would have more to gain This response would not be adequate because Hobbes also states in Leviathan, that if one side completes their part of the covenant then the other side should keep their part, fifty-fifty in the state of nature. If one were to not keep their covenant, then they may not be trusted to keep covenants by another group because of their anterior breaking of covenants.Hobbes description of the state of nature as a state of a constant war of all against all is that it is not a true state of every man against every man but more like a war of several small groups of family and friends against other groups of the same. The key factors that contract the state of war are equality of men, scarcity of goods, competition for goods, mistrust because of competition, mistrust generates anticipation of an attack, and therefore they gird and attack.Hobbes argument assumes that people behave rationally and act on their best self interest. If the y act in their best self-interest in the state of nature it will cause them both to arm and attack each other rather than to disarm and have peace. They will do this because it is in their best self-interest. If one of them were to disarm and the other were to arm then the one who arms would have victory over the other who disarmed, who will have defeat. Rationally they would both arm and attack each other do a war of all against all.In order to escape the state of nature men must first realized that it would be better if they federation together under a sovereign. They must then decided on a common sovereign and allow that sovereign to rule over all, patronage whom each individual chose. I will show that Hobbes argument that gets men out of the state of nature is valid and sound. I will show this by taking the premise that men act on their own self-interest, and explain how it will lead to an escape of the state of nature.If men have the option, either to catch ones breath indep endent or compact together with someone else under a sovereign, and if men think rationally, then it would be in their best self-interest to live under the common interest and the protection of the sovereign. It is in their best self-interest because if they remained independent then they would be at a disadvantage because the others would have the disdain of everyone who has compacted with the sovereign.Additionally, if there is a dispute between who is to be sovereign, even if it is not the one that they would prefer, if they behave rationally, they would decide to compact under the rule of that sovereign. It is in their self-interest to live under a sovereign even if they did not want them as sovereign, instead of reverting back to the state of nature. Assuming Hobbes is correct in stating that the state of nature is a war of all against all, it is shown that even with the mistrust between people, it will still be rational to compact under a sovereign to escape the state of natu re.

Stuttering Paper

According to Singulars Pocket Dictionary of Speech-Language Pathology stuttering is an articulatory or phonatory problem that typically presents in childhood and is characterized by anxiety about the efficacy of spoken communication, on with forced, involuntary hesitation, duplication, and protraction of sounds and syllables. Stuttering can be witnessed in the rate, pitch, inflection, and even facial expressions of a speaker. The incur of this problem is not set in stone, which leads to countless theories as to why people stutter.Along with numerous theories as to why people have this disquiet, at that place ar also limitless treatment methods that can be used to help a speaker with a stuttering problem. Stuttering has been a controversial topic among professionals for hundreds of years, and we ar still learning what works and what does not work for this curious disorder. The etiology of stuttering is not certain to this day. Many professionals argon torn between the psychol ogical and neurologic theories as to why people stutter.There argon many an(prenominal) theories which explain stuttering as a psychosomatic problem that can be dealt with by use psychotherapy. The Repressed Need hypothesis explains that stuttering is a neurotic symptom which is fixed in the unconscious. The repressed need is said to come from a longing for each oral or anal gratification. The stutterer is able to satisfy their anal erotic needs by the holding back of words that may award a hostile expulsion and retention of feces. This theory is closely related to Freuds Oral and Anal stages.Some theorists believe that stuttering is caused by the Anticipatory scrape. The anticipatory struggle hypothesis explains that p63 stutterers interfere in some manner with the way they are talking because of their belief in the difficulty of speech. The stutterer is so frightened of making a mistake during speech they in turn avoid, brake, or interject their words and sentences. Stut tering is thought to be a variant disorder, convey it can affect a person in certain situations that bring them great anxiety or fear. Using a phone and speaking in front of a group of people are examples of this .Although many signs point to a psychological explanation for stuttering, genetic and neurological problems have also been level(p) to stuttering. Early theorists, like the Roman physicians believed stuttering was related to an imbalance of the four humors, and humoral balance treatments were used to treat stuttering until the late eighteenth century. A more recent explanation of a neurological problem that causes stuttering would be the cerebral dominance theory, that explains conflict between the two hemispheres of the brain is the cause of stuttering.Stuttering has many varied types of stipulate dysfluencies. Although there are hesitations and interruptions found in all speakers, the disfluency found in stutterers seems to be more severe. There are several forms of d ysfluencies when dealing with stuttering including interjections, repetitions, and revisions. A stutterer can encompass one or many dysfluencies ranging from minor incidents to very extreme episodes of stuttering. Interjections occur frequently in both fluent speakers and dysfluent speakers.An interjection occurs with the speaker uses uh or er while speaking. Repetitions also are common for stutterers. Repetitions can occur in part of the word , wh wh what in the entire word, what what what and in phrases, what do what do what do you want? Revisions during sentences such as,I was, I am going also happen often, along with broken words I was talking, and prolonged sounds like the wa sound in what are also usual in stuttering. Like other speech disorders, stuttering mainly occurs in children who demo no evidence of having any other type of disorder.Stuttering comes in many shapes and forms and can be slight to extremely severe, making the all characteristics of this disorder always subject to change. Stutterers encompass hesitation, interruption, revisions, broken words, and prolonged sounds in their speech making it hard for people to follow. While most of the characteristics of a stutterer are only apparent when listening to them speak, there are also many secondary characteristics a stutterer may have. The secondary characteristics vary from person to person, still most of them occur in the saying or give motions.Visible characteristics include tension in the face, which can be seen when the speaker is talking and their face seems to turn sour and flushed. Stutterers also may frown, jerk their head, move their eyes erratically, or wrinkle their foreheads during a speech interruption. Stutterers show secondary characteristics in their hand movements and gestures as well. When stutterers feel tension which is usually caused by frustration of speech, they sometimes react by waving their arms and hands.This can sometimes help the stutterer to get out a word , phrase or sound they are trying to express. Vocal irregularities are also present in some stutterers, including abnormal inflections in tone, and sharp pitch level shifts. A person can begin to stutter at any time, however most cases are preserve at a young age most frequently between the ages of two through six. An estimated fifteen million individuals world wide, including three million Americans stutter. A child can be diagnosed from eighteen months, when words starts to progress into more fluent speech.The median age of onset according to a study make by Daley (1955) which included fifty young stutterers recorded that the median age of onset was 3. 87. Occurrence cash in ones chipss less frequent with age, and seems to be tied to the development of language. Although there are millions of stutterers in the United States most of them will recover by adulthood. According to Andrews and Harriss (1964) research that included 1,000 stutterers 79% of children will stop stutterin g by the age of sixteen.Boys are three times more likely to develop a stutter then a girl would according to the 3-1 ratio think by US Nationwide, 1-12 Hull el at (1976). Assessing a stuttering disorder can be through with(p) in many ways including, recognizing the frequency of the specified disfluency type, calculating the mean duration of stuttering, speech rate, and articulation of the persons speech. When measuring the frequency of the stutter, the speech pathologist can try to account the persona of moments of stuttered words or syllables. This is a popular way of diagnosing a stutter, since it is easily reportable.Speech pathologists can use electronic counters to measure the number of syllables stuttered during a speech session. A speech pathologist can also evaluate a patient by checking their speech rate. Checking a speech rate is done by the examination of abnormalities in the respiration, like disordered breathing, and phonation, such as breath holding. A professional can also make assumptions on a patient by listening to how long a stuttering block lasts for. An average duration of a stuttering block is one second, and in some severe cases of stuttering a block can last for an entire minute.When dealing with the treatment of a speech disorder like stuttering, the patient has many options, which may or may not work for them. Since stuttering usually begins at a young age, behavior therapy has been a popular method of treatment that may halt the progression of stuttering in children. In behavior therapy for early stutterers, the clinician can recommend the child to speak slower and smoother by teaching them a relaxed pattern of speech. Modeling and mimicking are excellent ways to help a child with a stutter to over come their impediment.Psychotherapy is another modern way of treatment among professionals. psychoanalytical therapy can help the stutterer to over come their anxieties of speech, and give them the confidence that they lack. Speech ther apists play a role in the treatment of stuttering by lot the patient modify their speech patterns. It seems that most stutters are able to talk in song, so the speech pathologist can teach the patient to speak rhythmically. Helping a person speak rhythmically can be taught by using hand and finger movements to assist the stutterer move along their fluency.While this is an effective treatment for stuttering, some patients might relapse and their learned hand movements become useless and the learned tendency can then become an abnormal secondary characteristic. Although the effectiveness of therapy is unclear, the patient has the option of many treatments, and eventually a stutterer may find something that will work for them or as in many cases, the person might recover spontaneously. Stuttering is classified as a speech disorder, however there is much more to this disorder that meets the eye.Researchers are still trying to pinpoint the exact cause of stuttering but one thing they ca n all agree on is that the emotional pain a person with a stutter lives with can affect them for the rest of their lives, even after the disorder subsides. Aside from the anxiety, shame, and fear that go along with this speech problem, many people go ahead to live seemingly normal lives. Through out history there have been countless successful individuals who stutter, ranging from Winston Churchill to James Earl Jones which goes to show that while stuttering can be difficult to overcome it does not deter a person from reaching their fullest potential.

Payment Methods in Ecommerce

With the rapid advancement in engineering and the expansion of trade, more than than and more companies be venturing into E-commerce in a race to grow non merely regionally but also internationally. E-commerce adaption necessitates the transmit of the business indian lodgel companies drive been following traditionally and with it comes the change in the modes to moderate the honorariums.With the popularity of the mesh for common physical exercise in business since 1990, E-commerce has been growing and touching the novel horizons in every category of business , in that respect ar organizations to daytime that depends heavily upon the E-commerce and in that respect atomic itemize 18 examples amongst the fortune 500 giants which have seen tremendous growth in the era of E-commerce conducting the business online .(Microsoft,n. d) When the companies conduct business online the modes of financial earningss become different from that of the traditional business paymen t ways like cash , teachs, calculate separate etc.Since objet dart buying online, there is generally no physical presence involved and clients could dictate the products sitting anywhere utilize their computing devices. B2B ( Business to Business)E-commerce today sexual conquests for more than the 95 percent of total E-commerce and the B2B E-commerce way twain the buying companies and the selling companies argon the organizations and which consequently refer to larger count of payment black market which is linked with buying or selling the products online , so negatronic payment arrangings that be in come have to be very advanced when it comes to preciseness, bail, privacy and the speed of touch the amount. Turban et al , 2004) on that point ar invariably risk associated with the development that could be revealed over the meshing while reservation a accomplishment and could lead to aboutthing unexpected like misuse of the instruments like book of facts planks and E-checks employ to founder the payment online. In an effort to recognize electronic payments more robust and error free, there atomic number 18 diverse protocols that are being utilized to encrypt the in dustation being sent over the internet and these protocols differ in the encryption techniques. (electronic Commerce, n. ) E-commerce is based on an ever advancing engineering that gives ancestry to high end unafraidty measures that could be applied while devising the financial payments over the internet even internet Frauds, thefts yet manoeuvre place and drive to be screamed since E-commerce is growing and would march on on growing at a fast pace as companies look to expand and diagnose technology their platform for success in the retail market particularly. Introduction E -commerce is not contain only to buying and selling it also is an effective way of facilitating the inter and intra organizational flow of nurture and providing the customer ad vantage.There could be more than genius way to define the E-commerce depending upon the prospective of the business and application of the technology, from a business prospective E-commerce is application of technology to make business more automated when it comes to day to day proceeding and work flow, similarly if applied to the service industry E-commerce would mean a tool to address the service costs at the kindred time increasing the quality and speed of the service.The essay touches the versatile modes of electronic payment systems that are being utilize today as part of E-commerce today however it particularly concentrates upon online assign instrument panel payment systems, the terms related to the credit cards, their dealingsal process over the profits, protocols that make credit card effect secure over the internet . Some evolving electronic payment methods are simply electronic version of existing payment systems such as paper checks and credit cards and somewha t other are based on the digital currency technology.Essay also focus upon the various protocols which exist to encrypt the information that is being sent over the internet to make the transaction consume and secure, the encryption technology that is being used a tenacious with the algorithms implanted in the cryptography techniques, the advantages and disadvantages of the various mode of payments that could make a difference when customers are concerned about the privacy and the security while reservation a transaction online keeping in view the amount of minutes that would take place in day to day business have been discussed since with increase in number of transactions number of thefts, frauds put forward also increase.Concept and Size of electronic Payment Since payment systems use the electronic and computer networks, the nature of these payments is more complex than payment systems used in the conventional commerce so companies dealing in E-commerce should set up frequ ent practice in banking. Most common form of the payments in E-commerce are payments made in Business to Business since they make more than 95 percent of total E-commerce payments today and these are penalize with a proper network of electronic communication that would include digital telephony , IP telephony and use of internet to complete the transaction. (Turban et al, 2004 ) The amount of payment made in the electronic payment system varies from one shell to another of the E-commerce the payments that are made in the Business to Business E-commerce are quite higher(prenominal) than what are made in Business to Consumer or Consumer to Business graphic symbols of the E-commerce.There are transactions that may range from $1 to $ 10 which generally take place in Business to Consumer form only and by their nature are get it onn as the micro payments. Payments up to $ 500 are still mostly done under Business to Consumer form of E- commerce however are not considered micro payment s, example of this could be buying a customized laptop from the Dell website which could cost around $500. (Danial, 2002) Payments higher than $1000 would generally fall under Business to Business E-commerce since undivided customers who have to make a purchase bigger than this amount would preferably like to buy the products physically. B2B transactions posting about 95% of e-commerce transactions, while others account about 5%. Turban et al, 2004 ) Modes of Payment in Electronic Payment system in E- commerce. There have been dozens of modes of payment in electronic payment system some of them are widely accepted and common however some of them are not. Some of them are serious the electronic versions of the conventional methods that are there in regular form of commerce. Following are some common forms that are used in daily forms of E-commerce. 1. Electronic Fund Transfer. 2. acknowledgment beaks. 3 E cash. 4. Smart cards. 5. E checks. 6. Electronic Debit taunts. Online a ddress Card Payment System. It seeks to extend the functionality of existing credit cards for use as online shopping payment tools.This payment system has been widely accepted by consumers and merchants throughout the world, and by far the most popular methods of payments especially in the retail markets. (Laudon and Traver, 2002) A credit card is generally issued by the banks or other financial institution. It comes with a fixed amount of outgo limit depending upon the type of the credit card and payment is to be made to the issuing institution deep down a stipulated time period it could be 30-40 days after which customer has to pay interest on the amount due. Following are the few terms that are related to the use of credit cards. 1. Card toter a card holder is the investd person who is entitled to do purchases online using the card. 2.Card issuer Card issuer could be financial institution or a bank that has issued the credit card to card holder after a certain amount of ve rification about the card holder. 3. The merchant- Merchant is the one who accepts payment via credit card used online in exchange of exhaustivelys or services offered by him. 4. The acquirer a financial institution that establishes an account for merchants and acquires the vouchers of authorized sales slips. 5. Card brand/card type - there are types of credit cards that are accepted worldwide and different institution take care of different types of credit cards such as indorse and Master Card. (Turban ,Lee, King, chung , n. d)Process of using Credit Card While making a purchase online using a credit card, the transaction goes through a series of steps and following are few terms that need to be tacit before understanding the transactional process, all these terms are gracious of processes that could take place while touch on a transaction. * Sale A sale is when the card holder purchases a product or service from a merchant and the currency is transferred to the merchants ac count. * Preauth A preauth is not a sale transaction however it is a transaction to make sure that the credit card is binding and it normally charge around $1. 00(Techrepublic ,n. d) * Postauth A postauth involves purchasing something before it is shipped. The customer can pre secernate something, and the amount is deducted from the customers credit limit. No cash is transferred, but the card hold is maintained on the customers card.When the merchant fulfills (typically, ships the product), the merchant can perform a postauth to transfer the currency and remove the card hold from the customers card. (Techrepublic, n. d) * Credit This transaction is used while returning the good according to the procedure under the agreement and merchant puts the money plunk for into the account. * Chargeback A chargeback transaction is used in cuticle of dispute settlement. In case of a dispute customer files a case and the financial institution involved temproraly withdraws money from the me rchants account and transfers it to customers account. distributively party have a certain number of days to prove the right billing and depending upon that amount goes in the account of right party. (Techrepublic ,n. ) Steps involved in the online transaction While making a transaction customer fills in the credit card information on the HTML page and the information is sent over the waiter. 1. Server receives the information and sends it to the code that validates the information added by the user and if found valid this information is formatted into selective information that gateway could understand and is sent to gateway. (Techrepublic ,n. d) 2. The gateway receives the formatted data from the HostRAD code, validates the card, and checks to see whether the amount for the transaction is available in the users account. ( Techrepublic n. ) Upon validation if the card is found invalid or if there is not enough amount on the card a dis approving goes to the code and gateway char ges the merchant money at this point of transaction even if it goes bad and if everything is found right the transaction is approved and an approval message is sent to the code. 3. Depending upon the type of the type of the card(Visa, Master card) gateway is batched upto the appropriate clearing house transactions arrive at the gateway, theyre batched through to the appropriate clearinghouse. The clearinghouse that is used is determined by the credit card type and the bank that issued the card. As the clearinghouses receive transactions from all the gateways, the clearinghouses batch the transactions for all the banks involved, transferring monies from bank to bank.For providing this service, the clearinghouse takes surrounded by two percent and five percent of the total sale. (Techrepublic, n. d) 4. As the clearinghouses batch the transactions they receive, they transfer money from the customers bank to the merchants bank. 5. The merchants bank receives the transactions from a cle aringhouse and and then transfers the appropriate amount of money for the customer transaction (started in box 1) into the Merchants Card Not Present merchant account (Techrepublic,n. d) Credit Card consummation Security More than 100 million personally-identifiable customer characters have been breached in the US over the foregone two years. Many of these breaches involved credit card information. Continued credit card use requires say-so by consumers that their transaction and credit card information are secure. (Texas department of information alternative ,2009)The Payment Card Industry (PCI) Security Standards Council is the authoritarian agency that issues the standards and policies that help reduce the internet crimes in use of credit cards and all vendors that accept credit cards in their transactions have to abide by these laws . PCI council includes all the major Card brands like American Express, Discover Financial Services, JCB International, MasterCard , and Visa I nternational. Texas department of information resource ,2009) The Council created an industry-wide, global framework that details how companies handle credit card data specifically, banks, merchants and payment processors. The result is the PCI Data Security Standard (DSS) a set of best practice requirements for protect credit card data throughout the information lifecycle. (Texas department of information resource ,2009) The PCI compliance security standards outline technical and operational requirements created to help organizations prevent credit card fraud, hacking, and various other security vulnerabilities and threats. The PCI DSS requirements are applicable if a credit card number is stored, processed, or transmitted.The major credit card companies require compliance with PCI DSS rules via contracts with merchants and their vendors that accept and process credit cards. Banks, merchants, and payment processors must approach PCI DSS compliance as an ongoing effort. Compliance must be validated annually, and companies must be prepared to address radical aspects of the standard as it evolves based on emerging technologies and threats. (Texas department of information resource ,2009) Following are some terms related to online Credit card frauds Phishing This technique refers to randomly distributed emails that attempt to trick recipients into disclosing account passwords, banking information or credit card information. This one scam has played a major performer in the crisis we face today.Since phishing emails typically appear to be legitimate, this type of crime has become very effective. wellspring designed, leaseily available software product utilities make it nigh impossible to trace those guilty of phishing. Phishtank, an anti-phishing organization, recently revealed that nearly 75,000 attempts of this nature are made each month Pharming This new technique is one of the most grievous of them all. Pharming involves a malicious perpetrator tampe ring with the domain name resolution process on the internet. By corrupting a DNS, (Domain Name System), a user can type in the URL for a legitimate financial institution and then be redirected to a compromised site without knowledge of the changes.Unaware of the background predators, the consumer types in their bank account details or credit card number, making them the latest victim of fraud. graze refers to a process in which a special device is used to copy encoding data from the magnetic strip of a credit or debit card. This device is usually secretly mount to an ATM machine as a card reader. Dumpster Diving this act refers to a process in which an individual vigorously shifts through someone elses trash in search of personal and financial information. With a mere credit card approval that contains a name and address, a criminal can easy open up a credit card in your name and accumulate substantial debt in no time.Security measures in online credit card payment systems. Fou r necessary and outstanding measures that must to be followed for safe electronic system are as following. 1. Authentication Authentication is a method to curse buyers identity before payment is authorized. 2. Encryption Encryption is a process to making data that has to be sent over the internet indecipherable so that it could not be read by unauthorized persons and read only by the persons in authority to do so. 3. Integrity It has to be made sure that information that is sent over the internet is not modified, altered in an intended or unintentional way. 4. Nonrepudiation This is the quality of a secure system that prevents anyone from denying that they have sent certain data. here(predicate) the communication system should be fault tolerant. Server where the transaction has been sent should keep a record log of every transaction and the user cant deny that he or she has not entrywayed the server. Security Schemes find security schemes that make sure that information sent o ver the network while engaging in a transaction is secure include encryption, digital signature, certificates and certifying authorities. Encryption-Encryption is a technology that deciphers any kind of information before being sent over the network so that it could not be retrieved and utilise by an unauthorized person.Two common encryption technologies that are used to encrypt and decrypt the data are Secret come across and public key encryption as explained below. Secret Key encryption In this cryptography technique one key that is known as secret key is used to both encrypt and decrypt the data at senders as well as receiver end . Secret key encryption is easy to implement when number of users are less. The algorithm that is used for secret key cryptography is Data Encryption standard (DES) (Schneier ,n. d). The only problem with this encryption method is that the key has to be sent over to the counterpart. (Dret, n. d) Public key cryptography/Assymetric encryption.In this k ind of encryption there are two keys that form the part of encryption technology they are the public key and the privaret key . the public key is known to allthe users however the private key is only known to one user the owner. there are two methods the kep pair could be used eithet the data could be encrypted by the receivers public key and it will be decrypted by his private key but there is a problem with this method since the encrypting key is public key no body will know who sent the message the other way is encrypting the data with receivers private key and decrypting it by public key however this method also has an issue every public key holder will be able to decrypt the message so it has to be combination of keys.The data is encrypted using the receivers public key and reencrypted using the receivers private key the reciver has to use combination of keys to decrypt the data fully which means that the first the recivers private key and then the senders public key. The algor ithm that is used in this technique is RSA. (turban, 2004) (Dret, n. d) Electronic communications protocols. devise (Secure Electronic Transaction) protocol is an e-commerce protocol designed by Visa and MasterCard. Customers can purchase online and their personal information would be protected and also their buying habits would be recorded along with the information they provided. distinguish developed by Visa and MasterCard is an open standard for encryption and security specification for credit card transactions on the Internet.The coterie is a set of security protocols and formats that main section are application protocol and payment protocol. (Itig , n. d) SET has many merits SET has provided merchant protective method, cost-cutting and enough security for the electronic payment. It helps making the online E-commerce free from online fraud to quite an extent. SET keeps more secrets for the consumer to advance the satisfaction of their on-line shopping experience. SET helps the bank and the credit card company to expand the service to more broad space Internet. And it lowers the fortune of credit card on-line fraud. Therefore SET seems more competitive than other online payment method.SET has define interface for all quarters of online transaction so that a system can be build on the products made by the different manufacturers. SET protocol based E-commerce model Although SET has been widely used in the electronic payment area and has gained more attention from the electronic commerce promoter, the SET transaction mode model only. Even for B2C model, its application is also limited. (Itig, n. d) DES algorithm and the RSA algorithm are used in SET protocol to carry on the encryption and the decryption process. SET protocol use DES as stellate encryption algorithm. However, DES was no longer a safe algorithm right now. Therefore, DES should be re located by more intensive and safer algorithm.Moreover, along with the development of processing speed and storage efficiency enhancement of the computer, the algorithm will be cracked successively. It is necessary to improve the extendibility of encryption service. SET protocol is huge and complex in the application process. In a typical SET transaction process, the digital certificates need to be confirmed 9 propagation, transmitted 7 times the digital signature need be confirmed 6 times, and 5 times signature, 4 symmetrical encryptions and 4 asymmetrical encryptions are carried out. (cs. ucf,n. d) SET protocol involves many entities such as customers, merchants and banks. All of them need to modify their systems to embed interoperability.As the SET requests installment software in the network of bank, on the business server and PC of the customer and it also need to provide certificates to all quarters, so running cost of the SET is rather high. The protocol cannot prove transactions which are done by the user who signs the certificate. The protocol is otiose to protect cardhold er and business since the signature received finally in the protocol is not to confirm the marrow of the transaction but an authentication code. If cardholders and trade companies have the dispute, they cannot provide alone the evidence to prove its transaction between themselves and the banks. Although there are some drawbacks in the SET protocol, it is still the most standard and the safest in the present electronic commerce security protocol and the international standard of the security electron payment.In order to overcome the defect that SET protocol only supports credit payment style, PIN(Personal Identify Number) digital items are modified in this paper with regard to the other deficiencies such as complexity, slow speed, poor condom and adaptation of SET protocol, this paper also makes a model of architecture security control mechanism, introduces electron transaction authentication center and strengthens the security of transaction process of SET protocol. (cs. ucf,n. d) Transmission control Protocol (TCP) which is the main protocol used to send data over internet was not designed back then keeping in view the security issues that could arise in todays valet where E commerce plays an important role. The data transmitted through TCP could be read, intercepted and altered.Security breach still happens while an email is being sent or files are being transferred over the internet. Customer is always concerned over security when processing a transaction and sending information over the internet. Credit card information like name, number and date of expiration. Presently most of the companies use SSL (Secure Socket Layer) protocol to provide security and privacy this protocol encrypts the order at PC before sending it over the network however this protocol may not provide all the security needed. There is another more secure protocol Secure Electronic transaction (SET) however SET is is a slow protocol and may take long time to respond and also it requi res that the digital wallet is installed on the customer pc.Electronic Fund Transfer Electronic funds transfer means any transfer of funds, other than a transaction originated by check, draft, or similar paper instrument, that is initiated through an electronic terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape, so as to order, instruct, or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. Electronic funds transfers shall be accomplished by an automated clearinghouse debit, an automated clearinghouse credit, or by Federal Reserve Wire Transfer. (Turban ,Lee, Kingamp chung ,n. d) Electronic Checks. E check is the electronic version of the traditional paper based checks , Paper check has been one of the most important way of payments that has been in use for a long time keeping in view the same concept E check has been designed to serve the same purpose. E-check contains the same information like account number, issuing bank, address of the issuing bank and the amount of check.To validate the authenticity of the person, instead of signatures it has a digital code which is generated while filling in a check and is cross verified with the database while encashing it. Electronic Check offers many advantages over the traditional paper check since all the information is filled in electronically over the computer and it is not revealed as it passes through very few people who are in authority. E checks are cheaper by many folds because of ease of processing, also E-checks are lot express in procession since the data is sent electronically and the chances of getting a check bounced are most negligible. Electronic Wallets Electronic wallets or the e wallets also referred to digital wallets.An e wallet is a software program that contains users payment information in encrypted form to ensure its security, for example an individuals e wallet could contain credit card number , bank account number ,contact information and shipping location . This information can then be automatically and securely transferred to an online order form. . (Turban ,Lee, Kingamp chung ,n. d) Virtual Credit Cards Closely allied to e wallets is concept of realistic credit card. A virtual credit card is an image of a credit card placed on the computer desktop. With one click of the credit card image the card holder access the account information and pays for the online purchases.Customer can even drag and drop the virtual card from desktop onto an online checkout time page . The credit card number and contact information is automatically entered into the checkout form and the customer just needs a pin to enter or other form of identification to authorize the transaction. (Turban ,Lee, Kingamp chung ,n. d) Concluding Remarks Although there are many online payment systems available to deal from while making a purchase under E-commerce however the credit card is still the prevailing and the most popular way not only because of the gismo it has but also because of its worldwide acceptability.Despite of the several(prenominal) security measures in place, credit card frauds do take place and protection of the information provided over the internet while making a purchase is of utmost importance. Encryption using the DES and RSA algorithms make the data indecipherable while being transmitted over the network and these encryption technologies are to a great extent to break into however there are other ways credit card information could be disclosed. Phishing and Pharming as mentioned above in the essay are recent threats that are becoming common and are needed to be addressed as soon as possible since the users who are not actually aware of these threats could unintentionally disclose information they are not supposed to.Credit card has wider acceptability because of its long established network thanks to the credit card brands like the Master card, Visa international and American express and because of its friendly characteris tics like ease of carriage, fast processing, 24 hour purchasing facility and the convenience of making purchase sitting anywhere. With the advancement of technology new protective measures like thumb imprint, retina graze are gaining popularity however it will take time for them to become common and implemented everywhere while making an online transaction since there are the cost and awareness issues related to these high end technology gadgets.

Production Manager Essay

Dawns Train of feeling Process ChartActivityThought1. Before Meeting the Sales voicei. intention of Meeting to discuss whether it is best to buy additional equipment accessories.ii. What will the political boss might govern around if I ensconce to buy or not to buy?iii. I never do mistake in buying the equipment maybe my boss will trust me whatever I decide on the meeting.2. Meeting the Sales vocalisation Video Presentation.i. He looks ready, maybe he has a profound point.ii. Okay, he captures prepared with the video.iii. The points are okay, but do I need that right now?iv. peradventure it is expensive, just by the look at the video.3. After the Videoi. How much will that cost us?ii. Okay, it seems a good cost-benefit offer.iii. But what will my boss think of me if I decide to buy?iv. I just bought this equipment. Can I justify it?v. Okay, Ill take risk anyway benefits outweigh the cost.vi. Ill just explain to the boss.vii. Okay, I will get and buy that accessory.What fa ctors would have led Dawn to come to a different ending?Here are the factors that could have altered Dawns decision (i) The Sales Representative is late (2) The boss is not satisfied with the current equipment (3) The company is under cost-pressure (4) The boss and Dawn is not in a good relationship (5) The Sales representative is not closely dressed (6) The Sales representative did not prepare a flashy video and (6) The Sales Representative could not justify the cost versus benefits.ActivityThought1. Before Meeting the Sales Representativei. Objective of Meeting to discuss whether it is best to buy additional equipment accessories.ii. What will the boss might say about if I decide to buy when the equipment is not achieving its purpose.iii. How can I face the boss, this might be other reproach decision to add-up with our current status.2. Meeting the Sales Representative Video Presentation.i. Hes late. I have many things to do.ii. The video is lame. I have much better things to do.iii. I dont think we need it at all.3. After the VideoIn this case, even before the meeting, Dawn has already stopped thinking whether to buy or not to buy beca example in the middle of the meeting he has already decided.What do you believe are the implications of framing on our judgments and on our attempts to influence others? Are on that point moral considerations? Why or why not?Manufacturing, business, even life and death decisions depends on how training is framed. However there is supposedly no bother with framing because it provides us confidence to convince commonwealth to buy, to believe, to be happy or to be sad, as long as our ulterior motive is good. skeleton itself is not the problemevery piece of information communicated requires a frame to convey message clearly. The problem is a larger social issue which is usually done by the government, corporation, and individuals who want to deceive hatful in believing something else. Example, in the medical industry, hospitals or doctors might release statements that are framed in such a way to fool people.A some years ago, British women were informed that the use of the contraceptive pill leads to a 2-fold increase in the risk of thrombo-embolism. Many stopped taking the pill, which resulted in unwanted pregnancies and abortions. If the official statement had instead been that the pill increases the risk from 1 to 2 in 14,000 women, few women would have been scared. The problem here is that it framed in a general statement not cover any evidence or numerical study results. A lot of moral issues in these wrong framing incidents are happening everyday in our television. Media in their attempt to get higher rank tends to bubble a story and framed the headlines in such a way that people will be intrigue to watch. It often results to a different decision and perception of things aside from that which is supposed to be true.REFERENCE LISTFrege, G. The Thought A Logical Inquiry. Mind, New Series, V ol. 65, No. 259. July, 1956. October 10, 2008. From http//links.jstor.orgGigerenzer, Gerd, MD. ( ) Why Does Framing entrance Judgment? Journal of General Internal Medicine, Volume 18, Issue 11. October 10, 2008 from http//www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/fulltext/118885195/PDFSTARTRieber R. (Interviewer). Dialogues on the Psychology of Language and Thought Plenum (Transcript. 1983.Schweighardt, C. Thought Process Map for Six Sigma What, Why and How. Isixsigma Website. 2000. October 10, 2008.

Myrtle Wilson Themes of Class and Wealth Essay

We get the feeling that myrtle Wilson is not an especially smart woman. Strung along by tomcat, myrtle is convinced that he loves her and would issue his wife for her if he could. The whole bit about Daisy being a Catholic and not accept in divorce is, as Nick points out, not remotely true.Because she is unhappy in her marriage to George, Myrtle is drawn to tomcat for certain specific reasons. George is passive, but tom turkey is controlling and authoritative. Myrtle puts up with Toms physical abuse because she equates it with masculinity a quality that in her mind is lacking in her husband. She even yells at George, throw me and down and beat me, you dirty little cowardMyrtle also adds to the bracings themes of class and wealth. She insists that she married below her caste, that she believed certain things about George until they got married and it was too late, he borrowed a suit for the wedding, for example. Since Myrtle is quite obviously below the Buchanans class (yet anot her reason she goes for Tom), Fitzgerald ridicules her for insistence that she is above her husband. Myrtle has many hopes and Myrtle never really loved Tom but provided wanted his money. She called his house during dinner to talk to him without even thinking that he might get caught. She does not respect him at all except for when she wants something. When she and Tom are at the party at the apartment, she disrespects Daisy and Tom hits her in the nose. Myrtle only wants to get away from the poor life with George and live more amply with another man. She hopes that someday that Tom will leave Daisy and they can live together.The nature of Myrtle Wilson is unembellished at the party in the apartment. Even though alcohol is prohibited during this time, she drinks freely. She also says that when she first met Tom Buchanan, she was attracted to him by his suit. Myrtle says, he had on a dress suit and patent leather stead and I couldnt keep my eyes off him. Myrtle is materialistic a nd she was very impressed with the expensive suit Tom had on. This meeting made her think even less of George because he had to borrow a suit for their wedding. Myrtle Wilson is a woman stuck in a bad marriage that can alone(predicate) think of the higher part of society. She wants to have a rich husband and an expensive lifestyle. Her dream of such a lifestyle eventually leads to her demise.

Leading Quietly by Joseph Badaracco

Lecture Text Joseph L. Badaracco, Jr. tether Quietly* Now what Im termination to do at once is talk for a while virtu solelyy research Ive d 1 oer the last five geezerhood and completed with the publication of a book by that realise Leading Quietly. What I set let out to do initially was to overhear what I could deal active leadinghip and effective lead, if I vistaed beyond, if I waitressed away from, what Ill call the gilded model. And the heroic model is one and only(a) that, with the briefest sketch, is familiar to all of us.Who argon heroic attractions? They argon mess who change the domain of a function or part of the domain of a function, theyve got in truth strong values, they atomic number 18 charismatic, they are inspiring, they are unbidden to drag makes, approximatelytimes, in to a greater extent or lesswhat walks of life, the ultimate sacrifice, because they sacrificed their lives. I begin no intention, hither today or at any point, in tear ing d deliver all that the great figures throw contri furthitherd to our world. Without them, our world would be a poorer and meaner value.Without them, we wouldnt substantiate samples of courage to talk to our kids and to new(prenominal)s rough. further the proposition I aspiration to consecrate in front of you today is that catch up wi issue leaders, particularly leadership in geological formations, particularly in the middle of big, confused business organizations, simply in terms of heroism, is a limited and roughlytimes even misleading perspective. Let me introduce a niggling scrap more(prenominal) than about(predicate)(predicate) why I comm block off thats the case. I turn over t here(predicate) are at least three problems with this heroic view. One of them I call the bene con associate issue.If you imply about the world in terms of heroes, you move to take up in the back of your chief a big triangle, and at the top youve got great leaders, and at the interpenetrate, fill in your favorite privydidates, the skunks, bottom-dwelling slugs, T. S. Eliots hollow men. What about e realbody else who is in the middle? People who are neither out saving the world wish great heroes, saving companies, saving brands, nor are they exploiting it. They are doing their jobs, life sentence their lives, taking care of the mickle around them. The heroic model doesnt say a great deal about them. The second problem with the heroic model was expressed in the Burke videotape.He said, I neer had any misgiving apprisal properly from revile. And I think that is fundamentally right because there are so umteen dapples, as you see, when this is right and this is haywire, and the task is non to figure out what is the right affair to do, its to bum about yourself or early(a)wise good deal to roleplay in that direction rather than this one. But there are a whole set of mussy, complicated problems that I refer to as right versus right pr oblems that do non fit the simple, heroic, dothe-right-thing model. Let me give you an example. * Edited for clarity secure ? 2002 varlet 1 You are at home. Its evening.Someone knocks on your door. Its individual who releases for you, hes worked with you for a bit of years. He says, Im in reality sorry to bother you at home, but Ive got or so really fabulous news. This individual lives full a couple miles away. And he says, I lacked you to be one of the graduation exercise to tell apart. My wife and I have been olfactioning for a home and we really think we have found the house of our dreams. Its really expensive, we are exhalation to have to take rough bills out of the kids college funds, but this is but a fabulous home, and you go to sleep you are my pigeonhole, and you are the outgo boss Ive ever had. Im sure many an(prenominal) of you have had this experience. The best boss I can even imagine having. So you nod politely and in the back of your legal opini on you know that there is a layoff coming and that this individuals name is on that list. By purchase this house, hes not only position himself on the brink of financial calamity, hes waiver to be taking a plunge over it. Now what do you do? You know the layoff is coming. As a corporate officer, you have a duty of confidentiality to the corporation. Youre not supposed to describe the coming layoffs put inmeal to your friends.Thats supposed to be announced when everything is set up legally, when the HR work is gulle, at a point in time that senior executives decide. But this psyche is a friend. You owe this person a dish up. Surely you have an obligation, I think, to help them out. And what if the person happens to go a itty-bitty bit further and says, Do you think I ought to do this? And of course what youre idea is Youre crazy if you do this. And you are supposed to regulate the truth, right? This is not a right versus wrong situation.Youve got three obligations here t o your friend, to the truth, and the duty of confidentiality to your organization. You may think this is kind of a made-up story, but in the last eight or ten years or so, even when the U. S. economy was growing tardily in the early 90s and even when it was growing quickly in the late 90s, we had continuous layoffs. I hear four or five versions of this exact story. A good friend, what do you tell them about a layoff when you cant tell them anything prematurely? This is what I would describe as a messy, right versus right kind of problem.The terminal thing wrong with the heroic view is that, at bottom, more or less of us most of the time hold outt want to be heroes, even think it is irresponsible to act heroically. The saw is that martyrdom is a oncein-a-lifetime experience. I had a student, an auditor in occurrence, from the Nieman program, which induces journalists here to Harvard, in my second-year electoral course a couple of years ago. The rules for auditors say that you can listen, you cant participate. So we were having a discussion about an organization, it was a mini-Enron, there were loads of things discharge on that shouldnt have been going on.A young guy knew what was going secure ? 2002 paginate 2 on, he had copied most documents. The straits was, what he should do? And there was a lot of enthusiasm building up in the secernate for him to burn out the whistle. He had a tennis pal who was a journalist with the local newspaper. And I was watch this woman sitting over on the side, she was a reporter for a big New York metropolis newspaper, and she was bunkting really agitated, and you could see her just about physically achieveing her hand d protest, because she knew what the rules were but she was going to intermit her shoulder or well-nigh(prenominal)thing like that experimenting to restrain herself.So I called on her and she said, Listen, what you have to extrapolate is, if you are going to propose blowing the whistle, is that whistleblowers al shipway stay put screwed. That may be an overgeneralization, but life is really tough, at least in this coun examine, for commonwealth who blow the whistle. And thats the message she wanted to send. So you have the problem of the pyramid that leaves most of us out. Youve got these messy problems that entert fit into the right versus wrong pass waterat, and youve got the fact that most of us want to live to fight another battle.Weve got complicated obligations in life, very few pile realistically, pragmatically, are going to roll everything up into one big ball and sacrifice it, often no matter how great and how urgent they think the problem is. We might do that for somebody coda to us, but would we do it for our organizations? I wear downt know. So what I want to do is encourage you for a small(a) while this aft(prenominal)noon to think beyond this model, and its a very, very sizeable model. Youve got the great figures of history that weve learned a bout since we were kids in school. every(prenominal) walk of life has its heroes.Every business and industry has its heroesI put ont know how many of you have seen the latest Economist, the title is Fallen Idols The Overthrow of Celebrity CEOs. This looks like one of those statues in East Germany or in east Europe after the breakup of the Soviet Union, down on the ground smashed. The smiling hardihood here is Jack Welch. So we have the celebrity CEOs. Turn on the TV, go to a movie, go see Spiderman, its a relentless diet telling us that the batch we really ought to admire and copy are the folks who do great things, whether its fighting the mafia, or space alienspick your own favorite.I think in fact that this heroic view is nearIm going out on a weapon here because Im hardly a scientistalmost genetically etched in us. A long time ago when somebody in a crowd said, Wed better go this way because the saber-toothed tigers are going that way, the folks who responded and followe d these leaders away from the sabertoothed tigers are the ones who survived, and the ones sitting over there saying, Well, Ill think it over, well see, are the ones who got consumed for lunch. Thats one view. My bank line is that it is not the only view. In fact, I want to go a infinitesimal bit further because the conclusion of the study I did,Copyright ? 2002 Page 3 and I should tell you a elfin bit about the studyWhat I essentially did was gather a lot of case studies, in the end about 150, of muckle who were typically in the middle of an organization, had a messy, complicated problem, had a substantial degree of self-interest, prudent self-preservation, but also wanted to do the right thing for their organizations and for themselves, and I looked at how they resolved their problems. And I did it pretty systematically. I put them in three categories people who looked like they were advantagees, they did the right thing for themselves and their organizations.People who failed , and they often said, I failed, explained why, and said what they would do differently the undermentioned time. And then the muddy cases. And I tried to go through systematically and see what separated the success stories from the others. And what I want to put in front of you are some basic conclusions about how these people think, how they behave, what they did. And Ill give you some examples and, in fact, Ill even select back to the low tale about the house of my dreams, and tell you a little bit about how you might approach that in this unflustered leadership vein.But the big conclusion I came to is that we really need to look away from the figures on the pedestal, from time to time, maybe quite often, so we can see its the daily, unglamorous, in-the-trenches quiet leadership that so often is what prints and changes things in organizations. And I hope to encourage you to think a little bit about the people who work for you, the people you work with, to see if some of the m get int fit this model of quiet leadership that Im describing.See if theres something you can learn from them, and see if, when they work for you, there are ways you can encourage them, support them, help hold them up as examples for people in your organization. As youll see, quiet leadership can be unfrequented work. Its out of the spotlight, its often unrewarded, sometimes it is even unnoticed, its done by people who are doing something right for themselves, right for the organization, but often there is no one standing by to give them a medal. Now I did a 150 cases, Im a professor here at Harvard, but neither of these are reasons you should pay attention to the suppositions Im putting in front of you.Let me give you a more serious and more historically significant way of thinking about this. This is a plagiarize from Albert Schweitzer. I imagine most of you know who he is. He was born at the end of the 1800s in Germany. He was an astonishingly gifted young man. He could hav e had a career as a theologian. Not just sort of a technological theologian he was a deeply religious Christian. He was also a brilliantly talented musician. So, he could have had a nice life in Germany following either of those pursuits. Copyright ? 2002 Page 4 He decided instead to be get under ones skin a medical missionary. He worked in Africa.He won the Nobel Prize in 1952. Took the money, spent it expanding his hospital down there, and stayed in Africa working as a medical missionary until the point when he died. This is what he says. And I think this is a remarkable avouchment Of all the will toward the ideal, all of our highest aspirations, only a teeny part of it can manifest itself in public action. whole the rest of this force must be content with notice that phrasesmall and obscure deeds. The sum of these, however, is notice again how strongly he puts thisa thousand times stronger than the acts of those who receive wide public recognition. These folks who get the re cognition compared to the former are like the foam on the waves of a deep ocean. This is someone who is a heroic leader, by so many standards, basically saying, dont pay a lot of attention to people like himself. Look elsewherelook at the people engaged in these small and obscure deeds. So, what Id like to do now is spend the remaining time, maybe fifty minutes or so, telling you a little bit about these quiet leaders What I looked at, what I learned, how they think, and what they do. I retell this in the form of seven lessons.Let me say a little bit about each one of these. The frontmost thing about these people is they dont kid themselves. What they dont kid themselves about is how much they know, how much of what goes on around them they can control, how faraway they can see down the road. This is genuine even when people had titles like CEO, like general manager, like plant manager. They had a sense of the fragility, the uncertainty, the tentativeness of almost everything. Now, of course, for Americans, and the Americans in this room, you know we had our Internet bubble blow up and then collapse.And for so many people in the world after September 11th, maybe these reminders of the fragility of things are not as required as they were a few years ago, at least in this country, when it looked like we had sort of a lock on everything. Machiavelli says somewhere in The Prince that fortune is basically the equivalent of a great powerful river. And what human beings are doing is building little structures on the side of the river. And he says, of all the things that happen, about fractional of it is under our control. The rest is the plaything of this great force, this river he talks about.You take all the precautions you can. You build the dykes. But, at the end of the day, he says, its only 50/50. About half of this is out of your hands. Copyright ? 2002 Page 5 These folks I looked at had sort of a permanent view that they were likely to be surprised. That the future, whatever it might hold, was made up of multiple alternative scenarios. The future, no matter how hard and brilliant their efforts were, could easily come up from behind and sort of bite them in the posterior. They were also political realists about their organizations. They didnt kid themselves about other peoples motives.They knew that in any organization, there are some people who are basically in it for themselves. They also didnt kid themselves about the fact that most organizations are form like pyramidsa lot of the goodies go to the people at the top, and lots of smart, compulsive people are trying to get hold of those goodies. They realize that organizations tend to be organized on the basis of insiders and outsiders. Insiders tend to take care of themselves lots of outsiders are trying to get in. In other words, Im not talking about saints, social workers, would-be martyrs, folks who are holier than thou.In fact, Im talking about peopleand Ill spend a lit tle more time on this in a momentwho are quite eager to get higher pay, promotions, and make their way up to the top of the greasy pole. They did not kid themselves about how the world worked. But, theres one other element that I want to add to this basic idea of, dont kid yourself. These folks were not cynics. When I mention things like the politics, the competition that takes place in any organization, its easy for you to think when I say, Dont kid yourself, that Im talking about the sort of Machiavellian maxim, Do unto others before they do unto you. Thats not what Im talking about. And thats not the way these people thought. They were realists. They expected to be surprised. And they were just as likely, they thought, to be surprised by good things as by bad things. In other words, pessimistic, dark-tinted glasses are just as distorting as naive, pink-tinted glasses. These folks tried to see the world for what it was. They know that people do things for all sorts of reasons. P eople who you dont expectwho are almost at the bottom of the list of people to show up when times get tough and there were things in organizations that really necessary doing sometimes surprised them.The second basic trait I found, I summarize this waythese people trusted their motives, even when their motives were mixed. Let me explain that a little bit. The heroic view tends to say that great leaders are move by altruism, by idealism, by the highest and most august minds you can imagine. By the way, thats what makes it so easy for biographers and this has been fashionable for about twenty or xxx years nowto write biographies of great leaders in which they point out that they were in truth motivated by human, even low, motives ambition,Copyright ? 2002 Page 6 pride. And often did some things that even these leaders themselves are hardly proud of. But thats only because we have a kind of false invention of what it really is that makes human beings tick. As I said a moment ago, the quiet leaders that I looked at, that I talked with, that I thought about, they liked big paychecks rather than smaller paychecks. They preferred to have more people reporting to them than fewer. They wanted to have long, successful careers in their organizations or, if that didnt work out, in other organizations.And when they found themselves in one of these messy, complicated problems, one of the things they thought about, and thought a lot about, was their own careers and their own reputation. If I am not for myself, who will be for me? You can get stranded completely out there. Who is going to take care of you? If I am only for myself, purely, unalloyedly self-interested, what am I? This is what I mean by mixed motives. And I want to go a little further than this to say why these mixed motives are so important. Let me give you an example of a senior merchandise rep.This is somebody who is a little surprising because he had lots of opportunities to move into management b ut never took them. He really loved gross revenue. He worked for a big American pharmaceutical come with, and it had a howling(a) product for a fairly common form of mental illness. I dont want to point fingers at any particular company. It turned out that this product had a second use, one that the Food and Drug Administration had not approved. It worked really well for losing weight. And some doctors were actually prescribing it for people who needed diets, not treatment from depression.And the company caught on to this, and it organized an unwritten, undocumented marketing campaign to encourage more of its reps to get out there and sell the product for this unregulated, unapproved use. This guy, whom I will call Elliott Cortez, wanted to get ahead, like most of the people I looked at. He went along with the program. So, hed meet with doctors. Hed describe to them that it could be used for diet. Hed fill prescriptions. But, for some reason, I dont know what it was, he began afte r time to get a little uncomfortable about this. Then a little more uncomfortable about it.And finally what did he do? He decided he was going to stop doing this. And he went around to the doctors to whom hed been pushing or promoting his product for diet purposes, told them he was going to stop doing that, and explained why. He told a couple of other sales reps he was going to do the same thing. And he told his boss. Copyright ? 2002 Page 7 I dont know what the initial trigger was that got him to do this gourmandize. But I later asked him why, once he was alerted to the problem, he went and did all of this. And he said, Well, to be honest, there were really cardinal things.I came to realize, first of all, that some people could get sick with the misuse of this product. And I realized secondly, given the scale of the campaign that this company was waging, unapproved and unregulated, that the company could get in a whole lot of trouble. And who was going to get the bulls-eye paint on them? When the time came, it would be the reps and the marketing execs who were out promoting this unapproved product. And I did not want to get hung out to dry. Now, what do you make of this story? Its kind of an interesting one to talk about. Is this heroic leadership? Not by any standard.This guy was very careful. What motivated him? He didnt want people to get sick as a result of what he was doing. But he also didnt want to get himself in trouble. His motives were quite mixed. You might ask yourself, wouldnt it have been better if he had blown the whistle, if he had dropped a dime, called the FDA, photographed some papers and sent them off? Who was going to win that grating competition between a giant pharmaceutical company and a lonely rep? Its a no-brainer. The company would have won. So he made the sensible ratiocination not to blow himself up in place. But, he did something.He didnt do everything he did something. Within the little flying field where he reasonably co uld have some influence, and maybe set an examplethe doctors, a few other sales reps and his bosshe explained to them what he was doing and why he was doing it. What if his motives had been purer? What if he didnt have the selfpreservation instinct? I would argue he would not have done so well. A lot of cases of quiet leadership that I looked at are much more like distance runs than glamorous 50-yard, 100-yard sprints in front of a cheering crowd. And what often matters is not the purity of your motives, but the strength of your motives.Youve got to have some skin in the game. And part of the reason he went around and did what he could is because he did not want to end up in court, in the press, on TV, in the event things came down on his company. His motives were mixed. And my argument is that he was in all likelihood much more effective as a result of that. Theres so many fascinating studies coming out now, the folks who do mind/body research. And what many of these studies tend to square off is that our minds do far more processing and analyzing of reality preconsciously, unconsciously, than anybody ever realized.And often this analysis, this uninflected work thats done by these deep levels of our mind, doesnt express itself in rational elongate thinking. It expresses itself in feelings, in hesitation. If youre facing one of these messy Copyright ? 2002 Page 8 problems, dont think youve got to be General Patton or some other charge-the-hill hero. If something inside you is saying obtuse down, slow down, trust those mixed motives. Thats the second trait that I found among these people. The third thing these folks did was buy time. Sometimes they begged, sometimes they borrowed.Ill come to this in a moment. Sometimes they play games. They stole a little time. They did exactly the reverse of what so many American managers were told to do just a couple of years ago. Remember the mantra about Internet time? And instead of this sort of unfashionable ready, aim, fire, the new mantra was fire, ready, aim. Because the world was moving so fast. Now, in retrospect, you can see that for the monstrously bad advice it was. Hundreds of billions of dollars were throw away by folks trying to seize opportunities on Internet time.The only thing that actually moved on Internet time was the Internet bubble itself, which rose and collapsed pretty much on the Internet time schedule. That said, the folks who were telling us that things were different were right about something else. Because they frequently reminded us that the world was acquire to be a more complicated place. Business was becoming globally deregulated you know all the rest of that sort of story. Why they went on to say that as the world got more complicated, you ought to make decisions faster and faster, I dont know. But, they were right about the ever-growing complexity of situations that people faced.Taking their advice, however, doing things on Internet time, basically made them a candidate for an award that medical schools give out occasionally. Its the SSW award. It stands for swift, sure, and wrong. The quiet leaders I looked at found ways to take time to get decisions right. They didnt make their decisions on the basis of external pressures. They made their decisions when they were ready to make the decisions. Now, that may laboured to you like a kind of naive, academic, ivory tower piece of advice, because all of you have about cardinal times more things to do than youve got time to do them.And typically, the In basket is a lot bigger than the Out basket. And I understand that. But, when you get one of these messy, complicated sorts of problems, you have a sense that its got ramifications, ripple effects leading throughout the organization, youve got to find the time. And youve got to take the time to get things right. There was a fascinating article, an interview about six weeks ago in the New York Times with Joseph Murray, a now-retired sawbones wh o Copyright ? 2002 Page 9 lives in a suburb of Boston. He was a pioneer in kidney transplantation.And he used to have a slogan up in his operating room, and the slogan said, If the proceeding is difficult, youre not doing it right. And what he meant by that was, before you do something, especially something pioneering, like taking a kidney out of one person and putting it into another, you better make sure youve imagined all the steps and all the possible scenarios. And what does that take? That takes time. Quiet leaders find ways to get the time they need. Quiet leaders also learn some lessons from investment bankers and surmisal capitalists.They invest wisely. Now, let me tell you a little bit about what I mean by invest wisely. Sometimes professors here give their students a little bit of advice at the end of the course, which is that what they ought to do is get themselves some go to hell money. This is money you view as in fairly liquid form in the event that you just can t take it anymore wherever youre working. Then you dont have to keep that job. You can get another job, but youve got a cushion. It makes perfect sense. Thats not exactly the kind of thing Im talking about here.Im talking about investing something that is far more important to careers and far less tangible, much more subtle than just money. Im talking about political capital, a composite of two things. Its your actual track record, and its your reputation what people, especially influential people in an organization, think about your track record. So, its those two things. The quiet leaders I looked at, Im only exaggerating a little bit, when they came upon these sort of messy problems, they thought about them like venture capitalists. They asked themselves, How much political capital do I have? How much am I going to put at risk?What kind of returns am I going to get? And when am I going to get those returns? In an ideal world, they looked for ways to call these problems, even if there was some initial investment or a risk of their political capital. In the end they got back out even more than they put in. As I said, they werent looking to be martyrs or saints. Like venture capitalists, they often invested their political capital, and Ill say more about this in a moment, in increments. They took small steps. They nudged a little bit. They escalated gradually to get a feel for what was going on, to learn a little bit more.If things looked bad, theyd back off and theyd move in another direction. If things looked good, they would invest a little bit more. They were very pragmatic people. They were looking for what was attainable. They were sort of following, without ever having heard it, this French maxim, which is Copyright ? 2002 Page 10 the better is the enemy of the good. Try to find something in this complicated, shifting, uncertain world that will work. Now, keep in mind what I said earlier, that they cared about getting these things right, and they wer e tenacious people.So, when they looked for ways to invest capital, they werent looking for your savings bond investment where you put in some money and you get an absolute guarantee of four or five percent. They were willing to take some risks, willing to shake the tree a little bit, willing to use some imagination, but they were concerned about the art of the feasible, the art of the practical. And they picked their battles. There were some cases where they said with regret, Something was going on over here, and I just didnt want to get involved. I dont think I could get involved. If I had gotten involved, I would not have been able to make a difference.And so with regrets, I moved on. Now that is not the heroic charge-the-hill, all purpose do-gooder approach to getting things done in organizations. But many of these people felt and you can judge for yourself whether you think they were thinking soundly or notthat they had to pick their battles because they wanted to live to figh t another day. And they wanted to move up in their organizations where they would have even more influence. Theres a wonderful teaching of Machiavellis A man who has no position in society cannot even get a dog to bark at him. That means youre invisible. A man who has no position in society. If you want to make a difference, youve got to be a player at the table. And not just once, but several times, again and again and again over a career, and at smaller and smaller tables. And thats what these folks were thinking. A limited amount of political capitalthey wanted to build it. They invested it carefully, with some imagination, with some care, but they invested it carefully. The fifth thing I found was thiswhich may not be intuitively overt to all of you. Let me give you a little bit of background, a little bit of Harvard University lore. In the mid-1800s there was an ichthyologist named Louis Agassiz.Ichthyologists study fish. And he got to be a very important person, not just in his field, but nationally. Why? Well, in the mid-1800s Darwin and people who looked at fish fossils supposedly had something to say about whether god did it, or whether it was the unfolding of an evolutionary process. He was also a brilliant researcher and scholar. And so for a variety of reasons his lab attracted the best and brightest. The tale has been told many times. When graduate students came to work at his lab the first day and hed say, Its really great to have you here. Heres what I want you to do. He gave them a little tray.And the tray would have on it an ordinary fish. Hed say, I want you to go and look at this fish Copyright ? 2002 Page 11 and then come back in a little while and tell me what you see about the fish. So, theyd go off. And when would they come back? A half hour, an hour, and knock on the door. And kind of eager, theyd have some things to report. He said, No, I want you to go and look at the fish. So, theyd come back at lunchtime. Go back and look at the fish. At the end of the day, same routine. Even at the end of the week. And they had ice in those days, but these fish were probably getting a little funky.It was only after two or three weeks that Agassiz would say, Come in and tell me about the fish. What he was trying to inform in them is the habit of discipline focused, consistent, penetrating powers of observation. Looking and looking and looking and looking. As you move into more and more complicated general management situations, there are just more layers there. Theres more to see. Theres more to understand Theres more to understand technically, theres more to understand politically, theres more to understand financially. And if youve got general management responsibility, youve got to mold that together.These folks that I looked at bought time. And in the process of investing carefully, they spent lots of time living with, sleeping with, and sweating over their problems. They really worked and worked their problems. And it was often only at the end of this effort to exertion down that they had the creative breakthroughs that were critical. Let me give you a list of names here Darwin Smith, George Cain, Alan Wurtzel. Am I ringing any bells? Colman Mockler? Its interesting, theres a book that I suspect that many of you have heard of, and maybe a number of you have read, called Good to Great by Jim Collins.He did a big statistical sample and found about twenty companies that had been doing terribly for fifteen years and then, for the subsequent fifteen years, outperformed the market by a factor of three. And he went in and studied their executives to try to find out what happened, how these companies were turned around. Darwin Smith was at Kimberly-Clark, Colman Mockler was at Gillette, George Cain was at Abbott Labs, and Alan Wurtzel was at Circuit City. All companies youve heard of, all companies that have had spectacular long runs after these turnarounds.Collins notes about these people that they spent their whole careers in their industries, if not in their companies. Talk about drilling down, looking at your fish. They knew these businesses from the bottom up, from the inside out. And Collinss conclusion, not mine, was that this intimate sort of knowledge was what enabled them to accomplish all of what they did. I heard a talk by somebody who was getting an award for outstanding leadership a couple of months ago. He used an interesting phrase. He Copyright ? 2002 Page 12 said, I didnt really realize I was a leader. He said, I was working too hard to lead. A lot of the heroic stuff that you hear about sounds kind of glamorous. The message of this drill down stuff is, look at your fish It can be pretty tough. Come back to that little example I gave you at the beginning. This long-term co-worker and friend comes to you saying, I found the house of my dreams, what are you going to do? The easy way out of that situation is, dont look for wiggle room, stick to the rules. And remember, we had three rules you could apply. You had the rule of the duty of confidentiality. And so what do you say to your friend? Great.Thats fabulous, congratulations. I wish you and your family the best. And you try to paste a smile on your face that doesnt look too fake, because you know youre helping to send him over the precipice. Or, you say, simple rule, tell the truth. So you blurt out the truth. And you roll this person to confidence, of course. And you hope that the old piece of advice that says, Best friends only tell their own best friends doesnt come into play. And you havent violated confidentiality, and youre not going to get in trouble for it. OK? Or you say, This is my friend. Friends have to help friends.Theres going to be a layoff and your name is on it. I would argue that in a case like that, following the rules is hardly leadership, merely ethical. Youve got to find a way to have a little bit of wiggle room. Following the rules in a world full of rul es, and oft-conflicting rules, can be a copout. The final little piece of advice here is to create compromises. The quiet leaders I looked at were really good at compromising. Thats probably not leadershipthats what politicians do. You know, thats what you do when you go to a car dealer. And you say, This is a piece of junk. Ill give you $10,000 dollars. The car dealer says, Its appraised $20,000 dollars. You agree on $15,000. Thats a capitalist act between consenting adults. That doesnt sound like it has anything to do with leadership, morality, whats good for an organization. And thats right. Although I have to say that, in some of these cases, these folks who were really committed to doing what was best for their organization and for themselves realized that after digging down, after trying to be creative, after thinking like venture capitalists a little bit, they could go so far and go no further, and they compromised.Theres this state of matter Western song that says, sometim es youre the windshield, sometimes youre the bug. Sometimes youre the bug you stop. But the important word there is the word create, not the word compromise. Because what the best people did was find a way to rethink, to reconfigure a situation, so it didnt look like zero-sum, I Copyright ? 2002 Page 13 win/you lose. So, there was another way of thinking about the whole thing so that they could go forward. I want to give you an example thats not a quiet leadership example. Its a heroic leadership example.And it involves Abraham capital of Nebraska, who was not simply an American hero, but in many ways is in the pantheon of world heroes. In 1858 Lincoln was running for senator, and he would have the same problem when he ran for president. The great problem in America at that time was, should we have bondage in the north-west Territories? Should the territories be unbosom, or should they have slaves? And Lincoln did not want to take a stand on that issue. In his heart, most peopl e believe, at the time he opposed slavery. But he was an ambitious politician.His best friend said about Lincoln after died that he had a little locomotive of ambition that would never stop ticking. So, what would Lincoln do? What could he do? If he said he opposed slavery in the Northwest Territories, all the votes in the South would be lost to him in his running for president. If he supported slavery, he would lose the abolitionist vote in the North. Lincoln came up with the following answer. He said, I oppose slavery in the Northwest Territories because it is unfair. Who is it unfair to? It is unfair to free white men who may want to migrate to the Northwest Territories to build careers.Why is it unfair to them? Because slavery is unfair economic competition. And free white men (i. e. , the voters Im seeking) should not have to face that kind of competition. Now, if we had more time, we could discuss this at some length. I will say, quite plainly though, that had Lincoln not co me up with this tactic, which was described as one of the most brilliant pieces of political outline or propaganda in American history, he would be an obscure, unknown Illinois politician. He could not have been take otherwise. The Civil War might have turned out differently. What was one country might have been two.You can speculate about when or whether the Emancipation Proclamation would have been issued. What Lincoln did was take what looked like a win/lose, either/or situation and recast it. Let me come back and close off by talking about the home of my dreams case. My hunch is that the vast majority of you in that situation would do something like the following. And this is what the people Ive run into have actually done. It looks like youre on the hook. Either you say congratulations or else you say, Look, Ive got to warn you. Copyright ? 2002 Page 14 In one case I asked somebody point blank, What did you do? And he said, What I did, I dont know if its the right thing or n ot, but I said, Look, there are a lot of layoffs now in some of our competing firms, and I wouldnt be surprised if we had some here. Are you really sure you want to get that far out on a limb? Now, is that heroism? Of course not. Is it leadership? Well, youre trying to make a difference in this persons life. Youre not trying to make the decision for him, and you cant make the decision for him by telling him whats going to happen. Youre trying to get him to think a little bit. And often thats what quiet leaders do.Instead of telling people the answer, they find ways to get other people to think a little bit. Its creative. Its a way of conclusion a little wiggle room. Youre not the hero whos saving this person, this family. Youre not the corporate hero maintaining the duty of confidentiality. You can judge for yourself. But I take it as a way of imaginatively and quickly, on the spot, recasting the situation. Let me summarize just very briefly. I dont think quiet leadership is the o nly way. Theres lots of situations where what needs to be done is clear. And youve got to get it done, or you get it done through other people.And I dont mean to detract for a moment from the great heroes who have made the world a much better place. But I am saying that we need a broader view, and Im support you to look in your organizations for people who dont make noise, who you may not have noticed, who tend to operate quietly, behind the scenes, without asking a lot for themselves, but who are the kind of unseen cogs and gears that keep people going. People who, when they face, not a big problem that everybody gets excited about, but an everyday problem, bring to it a little extra effort, a little more care, a little more imagination, a little more analysis.These little brush strokes cumulatively make things a much better place. Im suggesting you look for them, try to learn from them, and even try to reward them. One quiet leader used a phrase that actually ended up as the cove r art in my book you see those footprints over there on the side. He said what quiet leaders try to do is they try to leave a trace on the beach. And I really like that phrase, because it captures a degree of modesty. Were not trying to change the world. It captures a degree of realism.The waves and the wind will come and wash away stuff on the beach. But despite that, these folks are determined. Theyre tenacious. They look for ways to get the things done that need to be done. So they are willing to leave traces on the beach, even though these are only traces. Put differently, they care about small things. And thats the final thing I want to say, both about quiet leaders and, as kind of a caution or asterisk about great leaders and the heroic approach that it tends to distort your view.Copyright ? 2002 Page 15 The last thing I want to put up is a quote from a remarkable but little known American named Bruce Barton. He started a big advertizement firm. He ran for Congress. He was a very successful writer at the end of his life on religious subjects. And this is what he said Sometimes when I consider what tremendous consequences come from little things, a chance word, a tap on the shoulder, or a penny dropped at a newsstand, I am tempted to think that there are no little things. That, I think, is almost the diametrically turnabout view of the folks who say, Look on the pedestal. Look at the defining moments. Look at the catalytic events. Look at the big folks in history. Its pretty easy, I think, to miss the cognizance that lies behind this view. So, learn from leaders. Use them as models. Use the great leaders to teach yourself, to teach people in organizations, to teach your kids. But, dont forget the quiet leaders, they matter too. Thank you very much. Copyright ? 2002 Page 16