The History and Origin of Aerosol Spray Cans

An  aerosol  is a  colloid  of fine  solid  particles or  liquid  droplets, in the air or another  gas.  Aerosols can be natural or artificial.  Frederick G. Donnan  presumably first used the term  aerosol  during  World War I  to describe an aero-solution, clouds of microscopic particles in the air. Origins The concept of an aerosol originated as early as 1790 when self-pressurized carbonated beverages were introduced in France. In 1837, a man called Perpigna invented a soda siphon incorporating a valve. Metal spray cans were being tested as early as 1862. They were constructed from heavy steel and were too bulky to be commercially successful. In 1899, inventors Helbling and Pertsch patented aerosols pressurized using methyl and ethyl chloride as propellants. Erik Rotheim On November 23, 1927, Norwegian engineer Erik Rotheim (also spelled Eric Rotheim) patented the first aerosol can and valve that could hold and dispense products and propellant systems. This was the forerunner of the modern aerosol can and valve. In 1998, the Norwegian post office issued a stamp celebrating the Norwegian invention of the spray can. Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan During World War II, the U.S. government funded research into a portable way for servicemen to spray malaria-carrying bugs. Department of Agriculture researchers, Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan, developed a small aerosol can be pressurized by a liquefied gas (a fluorocarbon) in 1943. It was their design that made products like hair spray possible, along with the work of another inventor Robert Abplanalp. Robert Abplanalp - Valve Crimp In 1949, 27-year-old Robert H. Abplanalp’s invention of a crimp on valve enabled liquids to be sprayed from a can under the pressure of an inert gas. Spray cans, mainly containing insecticides, were available to the public in 1947 as a result of their use by U.S. soldiers for preventing insect-borne diseases. Abplanalp’s invention made of lightweight aluminum made the cans a cheap and practical way to dispense liquids foams, powders, and creams. In 1953, Robert Abplanalp patented his crimp-on valve for dispensing gases under pressure. His Precision Valve Corporation was soon earning over $100 million manufacturing one billion aerosol cans annually in the United States and one-half billion in 10 other countries. In the mid-1970s, concern over the use of fluorocarbons adversely affecting the ozone layer drove Abplanalp back into the lab for a solution. Substituting water-soluble hydrocarbons for the damaging fluorocarbons created an environmentally friendly aerosol can that did not harm the environment. This put the manufacture of the aerosol spray can products into high gear. Robert Abplanalp invented both the first clog-free valve for spray cans and the Aquasol or pump spray, which used water-soluble hydrocarbons as the propellant source. Spray Paint in a Can In 1949, canned spray paint was invented by Edward Seymour, the first paint color was aluminum. Edward Seymours wife Bonnie suggested the use of an aerosol can be filled with paint. Edward Seymour founded Seymour of Sycamore, Inc. of Chicago, USA, to manufacture his spray paints.

The Stigma Of Children With Mental Illness - 1608 Words

Historically, western society has segregated the mentally ill in hospitals and institutions, resulting in society’s negative association with mental illness. This stigma creates a negative feedback loop in how society views people with psychiatric disabilities. Media portrays people with mental illness as scary, bad, dangerous, unpredictable, and un-educated. These views cause people to shy away and fear the mentally ill. This stigma also affects a person’s willingness to seek help when they are experiencing a mental illness. Some cultures, such as Hispanic Catholics, may not recognize mental illness as a health problem, but instead see it as a religious issue, further reducing the chances of a person seeking proper medical care. There is a double stigma among multiple demographics in western culture. Elderly, developmentally disabled, and LGBT populations already experience stigma on a regular basis. When these people are also experiencing mental illness, they a re stigmatized even further and are no longer able to relate with their community. This dual stigma can lead to further segregation and loneliness in a population that is already segregated from society. Recently, consumers have started advocating for themselves and their needs, resulting in a movement for better services for people experiencing mental illness. Emerging self-help and peer support groups have assisted in educating society on the needs of people experiencing mental illness. There has alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Examining Stigmas Towards Children With Mental Illness2128 Words   |  9 Pagesare some areas in nursing that have been less studied such as mental health in children. With the increase of mental health services and psychopharmacology utilization among children a need has arisen for understanding the potential barriers to care that may exist. Often these barriers are represented as stigmas and negative attitudes. Jensen, Martin, McLeod, Perry and Pesco solido (2007) sought to explore the area of children’s mental health. In Jensen et al.’s (2007) article, â€Å"Stigmatizing AttitudesRead MoreStigma And Stigma Of Stigma992 Words   |  4 PagesAround the U.S. and other countries stigma has been an issue that has caused treatment for mental health to be less effective than it should be. It is a huge issue when people believe that getting help for something that ills them is a sign of weakness or that it is not a real problem. No one ever thought that about a stomach bug or a headache, but when it comes to depression, anxiety or any other psychological issue people view it in a different light. Kids are going excused from school becauseRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health Care Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesMental health issues have been an ongoing hot topic in this country for over a century. 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As a result of the stigma associated with the disorder, the effects remain: often multiplied by individuals that have a limited understandingRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Public Perception Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesbeliefs stem from the media and how Hollywood portrays fictional characters with mental illnesses. At which point there seems to be a common misunderstanding towards individuals suffering from a mental illness. When it comes to people suffering with mental health, doctors, schools, and everything in between seem to have either a positive or negative outlook on the subject. The stereotypes and misinformation of mental illnesses can lea d to a delay in seeking medical help. The media’s influence on publicRead MoreIntroduction Of Ibm Spss Statistics 21 Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis indicated that 89% of participants had a decrease in stigma from Survey A to Survey B. Prior to the educational intervention, 60.7% of participants believed that someone with a mental disorder should be kept in a psychiatric or mental hospital, compared to 45% following the intervention. Prior to the intervention, 79.1% of participants reported that they would seek outside help if they thought that they might have a mental illness and 17.4% of participants reported that they would keep it toRead MoreMental Health And The Media982 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health and the Media Mental illness in general carries an enormous stigma. People have respect for and take seriously physical ailments but when it comes to mental illness there is still immense discrimination. The stigma that comes from having a mental disorder such as, bi-polar depression, schizophrenia, or panic disorder comes with an enormous societal cost and can cause people not to talk about it. They may feel ashamed, embarrassed or fear stigma. Not seeking treatment causes people livingRead MoreThe Effects Of Poverty On The Development Of Emotional Problems Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe correlation between poverty and mental illness has been shown through numerous studies dating back to the 1930s, but the nature of the relationship is complex and not fully understood (Kuruvill, et. al., 2007). The mentally ill are at an increased risk of becoming and staying poor; conversely, the impoverished are at a greater risk of becoming mentally ill. In fact, the poor are twice as likely to have a com mon mental disorder (WHO, n.d.). This paper will consider the effects of poverty on theRead MoreMental Disorder Research Paper1530 Words   |  7 PagesJacob Shatarang 5/22/13 Mental stability or mental health is the way humans react to, think about, and feel about what goes on in their everyday lives. It is a psychosomatic and emotional state of being. Throughout history, people with odd or dangerous behaviors were seen as witches or ones possessed by evil spirits. These people were thrown in prisons or institutions to isolate them from others. Not too long ago, in the 1950’s with a great deal of research and much more highly developed technologyRead MoreMental Health Awareness Across The United States1409 Words   |  6 PagesMay is Mental Health Awareness Month, a national initiative to spread awareness to the constituents of the United States. On April 28, 2016, President Obama issued a Proclamation addressing Mental Health Awareness across the United States. He declared: Nearly 44 million American adults, and millions of children, experience mental health conditions each year, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress. This month, we renew our commitment to ridding our

Racism and Slavery Essay Example For Students

Racism and Slavery Essay The Never-ending BattleSlavery has been a controversial issue in the United States for hundreds ofyears. Since the rise of slavery in the America, there have been numerousaccounts of resistance and opposition. Some of the more famous accounts ofresistance against slavery and racism are Harriet Tubman, the mastermind behindthe Underground Railroad, Rosa Parks, who refused to relinquish her seat on apublic bus to a White man, and Martin Luther King Jr.s movement and mostfamous speech I Have A Dream. Although slavery is illegal in the United Statestoday, I believe that the fight against slavery will never end. Slavery in theUnited States is about more than taking Blacks freedom; it is about equalrights for all races and ethnicities. Sadly, there is too much hatred and greedin the world to abolish slavery and racism forever. Frederick Douglass Independence Day Speech at Rochester in 1852, is one ofthe most profound speeches of American history. It is unthinkable that a Blackman would speak out so strongly against slavery and Whites during a time whenthere was so much tension between the Blacks and Whites. Douglass was the idealperson to give such a speech due to his experiences as a slave. With hispersonal life experiences, combined with his education achieved in England, hewas able to present himself with dignity and authority. Through his speech,Douglass reveals the hypocrisy of America. The best example of this is the lastline of the speech, which states, for the revolting barbarity andshameless hypocrisy, America reins without a rival (Douglass 5)Douglass plainly explains how phony the white leaders of that time were. Thisis my favorite quote from this article because he points out the hypocrisy ofthe laws written by the white male property owners. What is this but theacknowledgment that the slave is a moral, intellectual, and responsible being(Douglass 3). Douglass is explaining that a Black man can be put to death forseventy-two crimes in the state of Virginia when a White man can be put to deathfor only two. If a being, such as a Black man, committed any of these crimes,then doesnt that classify that being as intellectual and responsible? And ifby law, that the White man wrote, Blacks are considered to be intellectual andresponsible beings, then how can Blacks be considered by White men to be the beastsof the field (Douglass 3)? Therefore, law defines Blacks not only as menequal to whites, but as human beings too. Because the confederate flag has long been a part of southern heritage, it isstill hung over many businesses and government agencies. There has been adispute about this for many years, but was not heavily covered by the mediauntil the beginning of 2000. There are many mixed opinions about the Confederateflag. Numerous White southerners believe that the flag should fly over the stateCapital because, to them, it represents the freedom that was just out of reachduring the Civil War. For many others including myself, the Confederate flagsymbolizes more than the Confederate States of America. It stands for thepersecution of the Black race as well as other minority groups, in every way,shape, and form. Joe Neal, Black Caucus vice-chairman, has similar thoughts inLisa Goddards article entitled South Carolina Governor Signs Confederate FlagCompromise of WIS-TV in Columbia South. In it Neal states The flagrepresents the Confederacy that enslaved, exploited, murdered, raped and killedour peopl e for over three hundred years, but somehow it seems okay to ask us tofly it in front of our building (Neal). Nevertheless, there are many whoare in favor of keeping the flag flying over the Capitol building. .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .postImageUrl , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:hover , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:visited , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:active { border:0!important; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:active , .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2 .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4166bc56f4643a402f06f693d76cc5c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Case Analysis of Sunflower Inc. EssayThroughout the entire Fourth of July speech, Douglass sarcastically comparesthe Negroes to the lowest forms on earth. The most blatant example of this is onthe third page where Douglass says that When the dogs in your streets, whenthe fowls of the air, when the cattle on your hills, when the fish of the seaand the reptiles that crawl shall be unable to distinguish the slave from abrute, then will I argue with you that slave is a man (Douglass 3). Douglassillustrates to his fellow Americans, White and Black, that the slave has fewerrights than most animals. It helps the listeners to see how inhumane the slaveswere being treated. In addit ion, how they were imprisoned in there own country. If they were considered by law to be human beings, how then could they havefewer rights and less freedom than the dogs in your streets and thefish of the sea (Douglass 3)? With this speech, Douglass revealed the truthto all the truth that Blacks were considered and treated like the mostinsignificant life forms on earth. Douglass continues by speaking in depth about the hypocrisy of America forcelebrating Independence Day. The Fourth of July for the American slave is aday that reveals to him the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is theconstant victim (Douglass 4) In my point of view, this is the strongest quotemade by Douglass because it supports his fact that most slave owners think thattheir slaves, are worth less than the ground of which they stand on. Once again,it shows the hypocrisy of the Fourth of July at that time. The Fourth of Julysymbolizes the freedom of the United States and all those who reside there, yetthe blacks have the least freedom of all. They are stuck in their own livinghell. One would assume that after decades of education about slavery and racism,racial conflicts would be rare. Unfortunately it is just the opposite. Only adecade ago was the highly publicized beating of Rodney King by four Los Angelespolice officers. Two of the officers were found guilty 1993, in federal court ofviolating Kings civil rights and served 30 months in federal prison. At themoment King is on probation until 2003, for being convicted of hit-and-runinvolving his wife and spousal abuse in a separate incident (AssociatedPress). Slavery has been a part of social dynamics for thousands of years startingwith the Pharos who forced the Egyptians into building the pyramids. And it wasnot until the Europeans brought Blacks from Africa that slavery became presentin America. To stop a problem like racism and slavery, on must find the sourceof the problem. I believe that slavery began as a result of mans greed andselfishness. From that, hatred between races grew until today when people arecharged as suspects of horrific crimes based on the color of their skin. It is avery sad reality. Although I believe that the fight against racism will never bewon, I do think that much progress will be made. Works CitedAssociated Press (2001). Rodney King reluctant symbol of police brutality. Retrieved March 5, 2001 from http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/03/02/beating.anniversity.king.02/index.htmlGoddard, Lisa (2000). Stateline.org. South Carolina Gov Signs ConfederateFlag Compromise. Retrieved March 5, 2001 from http://www.stateline.org/story.cfm?StoryID=78845Category: Social Issues

Investment Banking free essay sample

Examines the legal rules and regulations that govern the investment banking industry. Discusses some of the proposed changes to these regulations and assesses their possible impacts. Investment banking is governed by numerous regulations, most set forth and regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Several of these laws are discussed below. Rule 144A is a restriction placed on buyers of privately placed securities so that these securities cannot be sold for two years after acquisition. This means there is no liquidity in the market over that period of time. Buyers of privately placed securities must be compensated for this lack of liquidity. SEC Rule 144A went into effect in April 1990. The rule eliminated the two-year holding period and permitted large institutions instead to trade securities acquired in a private placement among themselves without having to register these securities with the SEC. A large institution is defined as one that holds at least $100 million of the security. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Banking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page