Emergency Preparedness With Fire Safety Writes Paper

Emergency Preparedness With Fire Safety Writes PaperFire safety writing paper must be high quality. It must be a symbol of your responsibility to share the information you have with other people and your desire to be kept up to date on such important issues.Emergency preparedness is something that is especially needed for those who work in firefighting or working in hazardous situations where the risk of fire occurrence is very much present. People need to be aware of the risks that they will face when they are in such situations.It is often hard to determine whether something is a potential hazard or not, but having this information at hand is a good thing to have in your hand. Such information may also be used as the basis for planning and as a reminder for when such situations will arise.Common accidents that happen at workplaces and also in the homes can be avoided through careful planning. Of course, this does not mean that if there is a hazard that you do not know about, then i t does not exist, but you need to know and understand what needs to be done.Disaster preparedness for all of these reasons is very important. The paper written on it must be fully explained, with the right information about hazards and signs of danger, the different tools used to handle the situation as well as important documents needed during emergency situations.A well-written fire safety writing paper will clearly communicate the danger that will be posed by the situations that can happen when there is an accident. It is not advisable to work without the proper information on hand, including a paper on this matter.This safety plan should be reviewed regularly, keeping the essential facts about how each individual in the workplace and home must take precautions against hazards in order to ensure their safety. When everyone knows what to do and what the dangers are, then there will be less risk of accidents happening.Before writing any emergency plans, you must have fire safety wr itten on the paper so that you will be able to know exactly what is what. There is a lot to be learned from fire safety paper, so make sure that you keep them in your home as well as your workplace.

Civil War And The Vietnam War - 905 Words

During the 1960s and 1970s, America endured the Vietnam War and protests against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. From college campus demonstrations, to newspaper articles and radio broadcasts, antiwar sentiment blossomed through different mediums to convey how dissatisfied some citizens felt against the War’s duration. May 4, 1970 saw college students of Kent State University holding a common antiwar demonstration turn unusually fatal: four students were shot dead and nine others sustained wounds. It was the third day in a larger protest at Kent State criticizing the then recent April 1970 move of American troops into Cambodia. No one was injured during the protest’s first two days, but when students starting vandalizing buildings and throwing rocks at the Ohio National Guardsmen on campus, the soldiers retaliated with gunfire. Having students killed over opposing the War, the incident added more material into the ongoing debate of whether citizens should protest U.S. invo lvement and evade conscription. Antiwar protestors had saw Vietnam as a country not worth fighting in to curb Communism. Others saw the War as necessary to fight Communism. In his book Fortunate Son, returning veteran Lewis B. Puller did not know how he should react when U.S. troops murdered protestors; mixed feelings of supporting antiwar demonstrations but not callously dismissing the War-inflicted deaths and injuries his fellow soldiers and him bore clouded his opinion. The New York Times, however, backedShow MoreRelatedThe American Civil War And The Vietnam War1561 Words   |  7 Pagesnever, never believe any war will be smooth and easy, or that anyone who embarks on the strange voyage can measure the tides and hurricanes he will encounter. The statesman who yields to war fever must realize that once the signal is given, he is no longer the master of policy but the slave of unforeseeable and uncontrollable events.† - Sir Winston Churchill. Throughout history, men have fought battles to protect and serve for their country. Some men become injured at war and others don t get toRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The Vietnam War1701 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves protesting against the Vietnam War. The lack of civil rights in the U.S deterred many blacks from supporting Vietnam, a conflict aimed at liberating the rights of another people. African Americans were frustrated with a country who fought for other citizens and saw no purpose in fighting for a peoples’ freedom but their own. Although African-Americans were specifically discriminated against both in Vietnam and America, they were not alone in their anti-war position. The majority of the AmericanRead MoreCivil Rights During The Vietnam War Essay2250 Words   |  9 PagesCivil Rights is an issue brought to the frontlines in the 20th Century, fought by nearly everyone regardless of sex, age, or race. Within the Civil Rights movements were antiwar movements, which protested the Vietnam war and called for a complete withdrawal of military involvement. These anti-war movements alongside the Civil Rights movements were successful in ending the Vietnam war. In this paper, the antiwar movements will be compared to the Loving’s story and their rebellion. The Loving’s storyRead MoreAmerican History: The Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement719 Words   |  3 PagesThe year was 1972. From events such as the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement, the United States was faced with extreme political and social turmoil. Despite Nixon’s promise to end war and unite the country, no one could have predicted that his election would accompany one of the largest political scandals to date. It all began with tape on door latches, finally ending with the resignation of a president and a scandal that echoes in American culture four decades later. Like most scandals,Read MoreEssay about Analyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War727 Words   |  3 PagesAnalyzing the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War In order to validate the statement, â€Å"The years from 1952 to 1975 in U.S. history were marked by tremendous political and social turmoil that led to major changes in American society,† one would have to evaluate the role played by the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War in bringing about and contributing to those changes. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate whether or not the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement indeed contributedRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement, Woodstock, Vietnam War, And South Africa853 Words   |  4 PagesWho knew how powerful the 1960’s would be? You had the civil rights movement, Woodstock, Vietnam War, and an explosion in rock and roll, as well as soul? Exactly, and that’s just in America. In Africa, countries were gaining freedom and independence. By 1980 the British, French, Italians, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch were being conquered and most of Africa had claimed independence as countries, all the while apart heid was still going on. Even with the riots between warring states, weren’t enoughRead MoreVietnam War and American Culture1684 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Vietnam Wars Impact on American Culture Donna Whittle DeVry University Introduction to Humanities I. Introduction and Thesis Statement In the 1960’s America went through many cultural changes. Martin Luther King Jr., a civil rights activist, delivered his famous, â€Å"I have a dream† speech. African Americans were fighting for peace, freedom and equality. The United States was involved in the Vietnam War, committed to anti-communism. African Americans were deployedRead More1968 Was a Turning Point for the United States. Assess the Validity of This Statement652 Words   |  3 Pagesthrough many important and crucial events. From the Vietnam War to national politics, and even civil rights, our country was changing a lot. In particular, the year 1968, was when our country went through a major turning point, especially when you take in consideration the major events that involved the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement such as the â€Å"Tet Offense†, violent protests, and the Civil Rights Act being passed. The Vietnam War is still a very controversial subject to this day. WhetherRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy : A War On Poverty And The So Called Great Society1021 Words   |  5 Pagesa cabinet-level department of urban affairs, or expand civil rights† (Tindall and Shi 1050). His successor Johnson, committed to New Deal Democratic Liberalism, launched a War on Poverty and the so-called Great Society, a large array of social reform programs. However, since the US expanded its involvement in the Vietnam War, federal funds that were initially planned to be used for the War on Poverty, were instead used to cover the high war expenses (Tindall and Shi 1045). Many Americans lost theirRead MorePost World War II: Effects and Changes in America1524 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction World War II brought several changes to the world and specifically America. It not only changed the world map but also set impact on the behaviours. WWII played a major role in building turning points during different periods. Before WWII, African Americans were not offered equal rights in the community. It was considered an impossible thing that African could ever do a white collar or even a blue collar job. However, soon after the WWII, there came a turning point in the lives of African

Hank Kolb Case - Operations Management - 898 Words

Hank should do the following: 1. Take one to two weeks to create a strategic quality initiative based on the Six Sigma methodology. Continue to probe the Greasex problem as one part of creating a plan. Do not treat the most recent Greasex problem as a stand-alone issue. View it as a broader, company wide quality issue. 2. Get upper level management to review the strategic quality initiative and get their input 3. Communicate the plan to the other members of the quality department and get their input 4. The entire quality department works on presenting the strategic quality initiative to the entire company 5. Undertake the solution to the Greasex problem as part of the larger strategic quality initiative by doing the†¦show more content†¦Define the Greasex problem. i. Identifying the customer quality issues with Greasex. Understand what the customers want from the product and whether your company is giving the customers what they want. Hank’s team needs to talk to the customers. ii. Use the customer feedback to define the need for the Six Sigma quality initiative related to Greasex. iii. Use the customer feedback to create the customer non-negotiable quality characteristics of the Greasex product. One of the quality characteristics would be consistent pressure levels in Greasex cans. b. Observe and measure the Greasex production process iv. Determine the metrics for production performance v. Decide which parts of the production process have the greatest impact on the customer non-negotiable quality characteristics of the product. Using improper equipment for the filler equipment and using improper plastic nozzle heads would be two parts of the production process impacting customer non-negotiable quality characteristics. c. Measure the defects in the processes that are related to the customer non-negotiable quality characteristics of the Greasex product. One obvious defect is inconsistent and possibly dangerous pressure levels in Greasex ca ns. d. Analyze the most likely causes of the Greasex production defects by understanding the variations in the production process which create theShow MoreRelatedHank Kolb, Director of Quality Assurance636 Words   |  3 PagesFacts of the Case: †¢ Hank Kolb, Director of Quality Assurance is attending a seminar that is given to quality managers of manufacturing plants by the corporate training department. †¢ Hank Kolb is now looking forward to digging into the quality problems at this industrial product that plant employing 1,200 people. †¢ The company lacks quality that needs more improvement to continue their operations. †¢ Hank Kolb found problems regarding from personnel, plantRead MoreQuality Assurance Case Study Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study Analysis: Hank Kolb, Director, Quality Assurance Issue This case involves a man named Hank Kolb who has recently taken on a role as the Director of Quality Assurance as a manufacturing plant. He has been brought in to ensure quality in a place that is known for have a lax attitude about quality and safety. The product described in the case is Greasex, which consists of solvents packed in cans for decreasing. The company has experience some trouble with the filling equipment Read MoreHank Kolb - Director of Quality Assurance1476 Words   |  6 PagesCHONNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT REPORT CASE: HANK KOLB DIRECTOR OF QUALITY ASSURANCE Team 2: 1. Park Sun Hwa 2. Choi Hee Ung 3. Wi Min Keun 4. Pascual MarieRead MoreHank Kolb Case Study Analysis1220 Words   |  5 PagesHank Kolb, Director of Quality assurance Case Study xxxxxxxxxx February 28, 2013 As the newly hired director of quality, the first step in identifying the quality issues within the plan t is to understand the basic root cause of the problem. The general manager, Morgenthal, has already mentioned lack of quality attitude in the plant and the on-going problems within the plant. These are some of the problems and root causes that are plaguing the quality department. Personnel NewlyRead MoreHank Kolb, Director Quality Assurance1880 Words   |  8 PagesHank Kolb, Director, Quality Assurance Problem Definition The fundamental problem is management. Senior management lacks the policies and visible support of a quality philosophy such as following a ISO 9000 Quality System. Even though they have recently appointed Hank Kolb to oversee their quality program, which is a move in the right direction, there is still a lack of visible senior management support for quality. The fundamental problem shows up in a number of symptoms such as putting scheduleRead MoreInstructor Manual37126 Words   |  149 PagesINSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL to accompany Operations and Supply Management – The Core Second Edition Prepared by F. Robert Jacobs ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to all of my colleagues who have contributed to this manual. Very few of the ideas contained in here are totally original. Thanks much to all of you for spending so much time discussing how you do things in class and allowing me to share your ideas in this manual. F. Robert Jacobs i TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction VideosRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesProduction Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services

Database Development Process Essay Example

Essays on Database Development Process Essay The paper "Database Development Process" is an outstanding example of an essay on information technology. Functional decomposition, conceptual schemas, enterprise data modeling, and the overall development lifecycle process are important terms related to database development. Each of these is discussed briefly in this paper. Functional decomposition is â€Å"the process of breaking down the functions of an organization into progressively greater levels of detail† (Singh, 2009, p.327). Each function is described in fine detail in terms of the other functions. The purpose is to breakdown the different modules to the simplest unit, which helps to eliminate redundancies, anomalies and any inconsistencies. Singh (2009) gives the algorithm for decomposing R, the universal relation schema, into D, the set of relation schemas which is the decomposition of R.A conceptual schema describes the data stored in a database management system in terms of its data model (Gupta, 2007, p.4). It is a description of the relations involved, the kind of records contained, and the method for deriving objects conceptually from the objects from an internal perspective. It is distinguished, therefore, from the physical and external schemas, which specify the storage details and define the logical records and relationships fr om an external view.However, the first step in developing a database is enterprise data modelling â€Å"in which the scope and general contents of organizational databases are specified† (ELAC, 2009). It is usually depicted by entity-relationship diagrams. The entire â€Å"process of designing, implementing and maintaining a database system to meet strategic or operational information needs of an organization or enterprise† (Singh, 2009, p.300) is known as the database development life cycle. As such, it is typically a part of the software development life cycle, and its typical components are shown in the diagram below and enumerated as under:Feasibility study and requirement analysis  - Database design- Database implement- Data and application conversion- Testing and validation- Monitoring and maintenanceDatabase development is clearly a process that requires careful planning commensurate with its complexity. The four terms discussed are all important parts or aspe cts to ensure the development process is as smooth and efficient as possible and which fulfills the users’ needs.

Reforms in the Hotel Industry

Question: Discuss about the Report for Reforms in the Hotel Industry. Answer: Introduction The hotel industry in Australia is not only a focal point for the local communities but an important driver of the local, state, and national economy. The over 6,000 Australian hotels employ more than 300,000 people and contribute 11-14 billion annually to the economy (Australian Hotels Association, 2016). In addition to providing employment opportunities, the industry is a major consumer of locally produced goods and a source of support to the local sporting and community organizations (Mitchell, Font and Li, 2014). The industry also offers essential services such as conferencing and entertainment. In definition, a hotel is an establishment that provides catering, lodging, and other services in the lieu of payment. As Australia concentrates more on the service-based economy due to the growth of Asian source markets and globalization, the importance of the hotel industry, will become more prevalent (Australian Hotels Association, 2013). Employment from this sector is expected to rise more than any other sector, growing by more than 17 percent. Over the past, the industry has faced some challenges such as wage issues and lack of information security awareness, which have impeded growth. The hotel industry can grow and make more contribution to the national economy if the right frameworks are put into place (Australian Hotels Association, 2013). The focus of this essay, will, therefore, be on the reforms needed or already done in the hotel industry, with a particular focus on Lux hotel. Reforms Needed in the Hotel Industry The hotel industry needs to adopt technology to streamline their processes. At this age, some hotels are yet to have a website. Given that social media is a popular platform for hotel reviews and check-ins, hotels and restaurants should take the opportunity to share beautiful photos of their facilities and their food on social media (Tatar and Eren-Erdogmus, 2016). Hotels such as Lux should choose a social media platform wisely- based on the target audience- rather than joining all of them. Marketing automation makes it possible for customers to receive personalized emails based on their location and activities. A good example is sending a personalized email on special discounts on the clients birthday. With advanced marketing automation, more sophisticated tasks such as emailing to customers who have been clicking in some regions of the web site can be performed (Leeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ross, 2013). Through marketing automation, the hotel industry can watch and nurture their prospective clients to encourage repeat businesses. The Australian government is making some efforts to reform this industry. A good example is a recent increase in the small business annual entity turnover threshold to $ 10 million from $ 2 million (Hotels welcome small business tax concessions, 2016). Corporate tax is expected to decrease by 1%. Hotels operate in a highly competitive hospitality environment. The lifting of the threshold will enable more hotels to invest and grow. In order to meet customers expectations, hotels need to reinvest and improve their services. The recent developments will not only help them to do so but will assist them to provide more employment opportunities. A recent survey by Tourism Accommodation Australia showed that 96% of the 3.4 and 5- star hotels surveyed offer some form of free Wi-Fi to guests (Australian Hotels Association, 2016). Sixty-five percent of the hotels surveyed do not charge for Wi-Fi access. Thirty-five percent offer it on some conditional basis, while less than 5 percent requires the guests to pay. The provision of fast, efficient, and high-quality internet connection is a big revolution in the hotel industry. With it, guests can answer their emails, update their social media channels, download streams, and hold online conferences. Research shows that some small and medium hotels are in debt, and because of this, some are opting out of business. When in debt, an internal transfer saves the day. In simple terms, an internal transfer is a management-led buyout. The hotels property is sold to the management and to those employees that wish to see the hotel in operation. The model not only helps to revive debt-stricken hotels but permits the transfer of previously state-owned hotels to limited-liability ventures primarily owned by the hotel management and the employees (Patiar, 2016). Under normal circumstances, the general manager holds a significant stake in the newly formed company. Assistant and Department managers also have an interest in stock ownership. Employees can also participate in ownership if they wish. An alternative to management buyout is new investment. If the existing management is flexed on resources to assume ownership through internal transfers, it can seek new partners to invest in the hotel. Ownership, in this case, is determined by the number of shares in the investment. Online bookings are becoming more widespread in the hotel industry. As some hotels become more famous; thanks to the Search Engine Optimization (SEO), more and more hotels are now accepting online bookings (Hospitality, 2015). While some people prefer to make calls, online booking has revolutionized the hotel industry as customers can reserve bookings without being constrained by the hotels working hours or book any other time when calling is not convenient, such as late in the night. Online booking has brought about a new dimension in marketing and customer service. Many industry participants now consider it essential to have an online booking system complete with a well-designed mobile site and a good interface (Hospitality, 2015). A single most important decision for many hotels is whether to develop their customized booking system or use a third party service. While each decision has its advantages and disadvantages, it is advisable to choose depending on individual needs. Through the revolution of Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), systems are increasingly becoming more sophisticated, allowing hotel industry to provide better customer service and carry out their operations more efficiently. By integrating with inventory management, CRM, and other tools, loyalty programs, information on stock, information on capacity, and more are now more accessible with a touch of a button. Conclusion Though the hotel industry in Australia is a key player in the local and national economy, many problems such as wage issues and debt have significantly affected it. Through reforms such as favorable taxation system, internal transfers, new investments, automation and adoption of new technologies, hotels can streamline their operation and serve their customers better, thereby growing their profits and boosting their contribution to the national economy. References Australian Hotels Association. (2016). Australian hotels embrace connectivity - Australian Hotels Association. [online] Available at: https://aha.org.au/australian-hotels-embrace-connectivity/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Australian Hotels Association.(2013). Industry Data - Australian Hotels Association. [online] Available at: https://aha.org.au/industry-data/ [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. Hospitality.(2015). 7 technologies that are transforming the hospitality industry. [online] Available at: https://www.hospitalitymagazine.com.au/management/7-technologies-that-are-transforming- the-hospitali [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. Hotels welcome small business tax concessions. (2016). 1st ed. [PDF] Brisbane: AHA, p.1. Available at: https://aha.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Press-Release-Hotels-welcome-tax- concessions.pdf [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Leeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ross, D. (2013). Comment: Australia and the small to mediumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sized hotel sector. Int J Contemp Hospitality Mngt, 10(5), pp.177-179. Mitchell, J., Font, X. and Li, S. (2014). What is the impact of hotels on local economic development? Applying value chain analysis to individual businesses. Anatolia, 26(3), pp.347-358. Patiar, A. (2016). Costs allocation practices: Evidence of hotels in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 26, pp.1-8. Tatar, S. and Eren-Erdogmus, I. (2016). The effect of social media marketing on brand trust and brand loyalty for hotels. Information Technology Tourism.

A Midsummer Nights Dream

Introduction William Shakespeare’s  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† is a comedy of Athenian origin. The entire set up consisting of a captivating atmosphere makes the tale to be a remarkable one. This set up is suitable for romantic adventures as it provides the right atmosphere as well as favorable scenes for love escapades. Nonetheless, Shakespeare’s works are never to be judged from their face value. For instance, in the case of this romantic tale, he hypothesizes a very contemptuous understanding about love.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Midsummer Night’s Dream specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† ends up being an interpretation of the secrets of adoration. It further reveals how the lovers are ashamed because of their actions, particularly in the incidences that involve the youthful characters. In this tale, a love r is brought out as an indecisive individual who constantly alters his or her decisions (Shakespeare 34). It also highlights love as a sensation that never lasts forever. Consequently, the tale proposes that love is not a deep and compassionate feeling but rather a harsh sentiment that brings pain to those who get into it. This notion is highlighted throughout the tale and in the long run, the conception of real affection is stained with uncertainty. It is seen as something that can change from its intended course. Generally, love is brought out as a terrifying and harsh sentiment. Oppressive Laws According to the laws set in Athens, a woman is not entitled to posses anything, including her body. However, she was expected to listen, and adhere to whatever their male counterparts directed them to do. With regard to Athenian laws, a father was given the mandate to choose a husband for his daughter. Consequently, a girl was expected to marry the selected man without questioning. In cas e she declined his father’s choice, the consequences were very severe as death was part of it. In this society, a woman could not contribute to anything that affected the society. Furthermore, they could not even decide anything for themselves. Men dominated the society while women were used as objects of love and procreation. Even though the women married the men their father’s chose for them, their situation never improved in any way. The women were hopeless as they could not even make choices that would improve their lives. The lack of voice among the women made their men to be fully in charge of everything, including their lives. Athenian regulations empowered a father to sentence his child to death in case she refused to adhere to whatever he directed her to do. The daughter of Theseus, Herima, declines to marry Demterius, his father’s choice as her groom. As a reaction to her decision, Herima’s father threatens to exterminate her if she did not acce pt his choice. This whole idea is ridiculous since it is out of this world that a father would kill his daughter for refusing to marry a man he had chosen for her (Shakespeare 67). This episode substantiates how these Athenian laws oppressed women in this society.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Women’s Position The women in this tale play ‘second-fiddle’ roles. For instance, Oberon and Titania, King and Queen respectively, were thought to be wielding similar powers. Nonetheless, Oberon manages to accomplish his desires and emerges as the ultimate ruler of the Kingdom. There existed no equal treatment of the sexes in this tale. In addition, women were never given leadership roles. In fact, women were manipulated into marriages. For instance, Puck puts a love concoction in Demetreuis’ as well as Lysander’s eyes in order to compel them to fall in l ove with each other. He does this with full knowledge about Helena’s intentions. Helena loved Demetrious but he did not care about her. Helena puts a lot of effort to make him think about her love for him. She utilizes convincing words and constantly praises him. However, Demetrius is not bothered by this and he persistently drives her away. This is shown in the manner in which he addresses her. He advices her, â€Å"Tempt not too much the hatred of my spirit; for I am sick when I do look on thee† (Shakespeare 82). This statement emphasizes on the women’s inability to choose their own husbands. Conclusion From the tale, it is evident that Hermia and Lysander, as a couple, are much better and smarter as compared to the union of Demetrius and Helena as a couple. I believe that Hermia is more conservative and has a conformist character as compared to Helena. This is because Helena is not presented in a similar way as Hermia. At various instances, Helena was totally out of control. This brings out her masculinity character that makes her to stand out from the rest of the women in this tale, particularly Hermia. The author has evidently managed to express the themes of oppression and inequality in this tale. As much as the tale is thought to a comic one, the events that place in this tale are not funny. The manner in which women are treated is not amusing at all. The existing laws were intended to oppress the women and the less fortunate in this tale. Generally, the tale addresses the injustices that existed in this society. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. New York, NY: Norton Company, 2002. Print This essay on A Midsummer Night’s Dream was written and submitted by user Eli Reyes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Surface Structure in Grammar

Definition and Examples of Surface Structure in Grammar In transformational and generative grammar, surface structure is the outward form of a sentence. In contrast to deep structure (an abstract representation of a sentence), surface structure corresponds to the version of a sentence that can be spoken and heard. A modified version of the concept of surface  structure is called  S-structure. In transformational grammar, deep structures are generated by phrase-structure rules, and surface structures are derived from deep structures by a series of transformations. In  The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar  (2014), Aarts et al. point out that, in a looser sense, deep and surface structure are often used as terms in a simple binary opposition, with the deep structure representing  meaning, and the surface structure being the actual sentence we see. The terms  deep structure  and  surface structure  were popularized in the 1960s and 70s by American  linguist  Noam Chomsky. In recent years, notes Geoffrey Finch, the terminology has changed:  Deep and surface structure have become D and S structure, principally because the original terms seemed to imply some sort of qualitative evaluation; deep suggested profound, whilst surface was too close to superficial. Nevertheless, the principles of transformational grammar still remain very much alive in contemporary linguistics (Linguistic Terms and Concepts, 2000). Examples and Observations The surface structure of a sentence is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure of the sentence we articulate and hear. This two-level conception of grammatical structure is still widely held, though it has been much criticized in recent generative studies. An alternative conception is to relate surface structure directly to a semantic level of representation, bypassing deep structure altogether.  The term surface grammar is sometimes used as an informal term for the superficial properties of the sentence.(David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Wiley, 2011)A deep structure is . . . the underlying form of a sentence, before rules like auxiliary inversion and wh-fronting apply. After all raisings apply, plus relevant morphological and phonological rules (as for forms of do), the result . . . is the linear, con crete, surface structure of sentences, ready to be given phonetic form.(Grover Hudson, Essential Introductory Linguistics. Blackwell, 2000) Surface Structure Cues and StrategiesThe surface structure of the sentence often provides  a number of obvious cues to the underlying syntactic representation. One obvious approach is to use these cues and a number of simple strategies that enable us to compute the syntactic structure. The earliest detailed expositions of this idea were by Bever (1970) and Fodor and Garrett (1967). These researchers detailed a number of parsing strategies that used only syntactic cues. Perhaps the simplest example is that when we see or hear a determiner such as the or a, we know a noun phrase has just started. A second example is based on the observation that although word order is variable in English, and transformations such as passivization can change it, the common structure noun-verb-noun often maps on to what is called the  canonical sentence structure SVO (subject-verb-object). That is, in most sentences we hear or read, the first noun is the subject, and the second one the object.  In fact, if we made use of this strategy we could get a long way in comprehension. We try the simpler strategies first, and if they do not work, we try other ones.(Trevor A. Harley,  The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory,  4th ed. Psychology Press,  2014) Chomsky on Deep and Surface Structures[T]he generative grammar of a language specifies an infinite set of structural descriptions, each of which contains a deep structure, a surface structure, a phonetic representation, a semantic representation, and other formal structures. The rules relating deep and surface structuresthe so-called grammatical transformationshave been investigated in some detail, and are fairly well understood. The rules that relate surface structures and phonetic representations are also reasonably well understood (though I do not want to imply that the matter is beyond dispute: far from it). It seems that both deep and surface structures enter into the determination of meaning. Deep structure provides the grammatical relations of predication, modification, and so on, that enter into the determination of meaning. On the other hand, it appears that matters of focus and presupposition, topic and comment, the scope of logical elements, and pronominal reference are de termined, in part at least, by surface structure. The rules that relate syntactic structures to representations of meaning are not at all well understood. In fact, the notion of representation of meaning or semantic representation is itself highly controversial. It is not clear at all that it is possible to distinguish sharply between the contribution of grammar to the determination of meaning, and the contribution of so-called pragmatic considerations, questions of fact and belief and context of utterance.(Noam Chomsky, lecture given in January 1969 at Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota. Rpt. in Language and Mind, 3rd ed. Cambridge University  Press, 2006)